Ternopil (Ukrainian: Тернопіль, IPA:[terˈnɔp⁽ʲ⁾ilʲ]ⓘ; Polish: Tarnopol; Yiddish: טארנאפאל, romanized: Tarnapol; Hebrew: טרנופול, romanized: Tarnopol; German: Tannstadt), known until 1944 mostly as Tarnopol, is a city in the west of Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret. Administratively, it serves as the administrative centre of Ternopil Oblast. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical regions of Galicia and Podolia. It is served by Ternopil Airport. The population of Ternopil was estimated at 225,004 (2022 estimate).[2]
Until 18 July 2020, Ternopil was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to Ternopil Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Ternopil Raion.[4][5]
In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the city came under Austrian rule. In 1809, after the War of the Fifth Coalition, the city came under Russian rule, incorporated into the newly created Ternopol krai, but in 1815 returned to Austrian rule in accordance with the Congress of Vienna. In 1870 Tarnopol was connected by railway with Lemberg.
As a consequence of the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, Ternopil was incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic as part of Ternopol Oblast. On 2 July 1941, the city was occupied by the Nazis. Between then and July 1943, 10,000 Jews were killed by Nazi Germans, and another 6,000 were rounded up and sent to Belzec extermination camp. A few hundred others went to labor camps. During most of this time Jews lived in the Tarnopol Ghetto.[11][12] Many Ukrainians were sent as forced labour to Germany. Following the Act of restoration of the Ukrainian state proclaimed in Lviv on 30 June 1941, Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) was active in Ternopil region and battled for the independence of Ukraine, opposing Nazis, Polish Armia Krajowa and People's Army of Poland as well as the Soviets. During the Soviet offensive in March and April 1944, the city was almost completely destroyed by Soviet artillery. [13] Finally, Ternopol was occupied by the Red Army on 15 April 1944. After the second Soviet occupation, 85% of the city's living quarters were destroyed.[6]
Following the fall of the Soviet Union, Ternopil became part of the independent Ukraine as a city of regional significance. On 31 December 2013, the 11th Artillery Brigade, descendant of artillery units that had been based in the city since 1949, was disbanded.[15] In 2020, as part of the administrative reform in Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Ternopil Raion.[16][17]
According to Ukrainian Census (2001), Ternopil city and Ternopil oblast are homogeneously populated by ethnic Ukrainians. Ternopil city and Ternopil oblast are also homogeneously Ukrainian-speaking.[21]
According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April-May 2023, 98 % of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 1 % spoke Russian.[22][full citation needed]
Economyedit
Ternopil is a centre for the light industry, food industry, radio-electronic and construction industries. In the Soviet and early post-Soviet period, a harvester plant and a porcelain factory operated in the city.
Transportedit
Ternopil is an important railway hub with connections to most major railway stations of Ukraine. The city lies on the M12 international highway connecting western and central regions of Ukraine. Trolleybus lines and a bus station are active in the city. Water transport operates on Ternopil artificial lake mostly for tourist purposes. An airport was opened for civilian traffic in 1985, but ceased commercial operations in 2010.
The sanctuary of Our Lady of Zarvanytsia with a miraculous icon of the 13th century called icon of the Mother of God of Zarvanytsia, sanctuary of Greek-Catholic rite. Located about 40 km from Ternopil, celebrated on 22 July.
In 2021, Ternopil created international outrage, especially in the Jewish community, by deciding to name a city stadium in honor of Nazi collaborator Roman Shukhevych.[30] Shukhevych was the military leader of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army during World War II and was known for his collaboration with the Nazi regime[31][32] as well as his responsibility for the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia. As a result, the City Council of Tarnów decided to suspend its partnership with Ternopil.[33]
Joel Lion, the Israeli Ambassador to Ukraine, expressed Israel’s strong objection to the city's choice to name the stadium in honor of Roman Shukhevych. Lion wrote, "We strongly condemn the decision of Ternopil city council to name the City Stadium after the infamous Hauptman (Captain) of the SS 201st Schutzmannschaft Roman Shukhevych and demand the immediate cancellation of this decision".[32][34]
The Eastern Europe Director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, Efraim Zuroff wrote,
"It is fully understandable that Ternopil seeks to honor those who fought against Soviet Communism, but not those behind the mass murder of innocent fellow citizens." in a statement attempting to convince Ternopil to reconsider the "renaming of its stadium in honor of Nazi collaborator, Hauptmann of the SS Schutzmannschaft 201, Roman Shukhevych, an active participant in the mass murder of Jews and Poles in World War II."[35]
Russo-Ukrainian Waredit
In June 2022, due to full-scale Russian invasion and missile strikes from the territory of Belarus, Ternopil suspended its partnership with the city of Pinsk.
Festivalsedit
An international open-air music festival called Faine Misto [uk] has been held annually near Ternopil for 2–4 days in July since 2013.[36][37]
Notesedit
Referencesedit
^"Мер Тернополя продає побачення з собою". Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 28 December 2011. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
^ abЧисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
^"Тернопольская городская громада" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України.
^"Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
^"Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. 17 July 2020.
^Olszański, Tadeusz A. (2013). "Kresy Zachodnie. Miejsce Galicji Wschodniej i Wołynia w państwie ukraińskim" (PDF). Prace OSW (in Polish). Centre for Eastern Studies. pp. 25–26.
^Karpluk, Maria (1993). Mowa naszych przodków: podstawowe wiadomości z historii języka polskiego do końca XVIII w (in Polish). TMJP. p. 46.
^ ab"Виникнення і розвиток міста Тернопіль" [Establishment and development of the Ternopil city]. ukrssr.com.ua (in Ukrainian). 27 March 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
^ ab
The Jewish and German population accepted the new Ukrainian state, but the Poles started the military campaign against the Ukrainian authority [...] On November 11, 1918 following bloody fighting, the Polish forces captured Lwów. The government of the WUPR moved to Ternopol and from the end of December the Council and the Government of the WUPR were located in Ivano-Frankivsk. (in Ukrainian) West Ukrainian People's Republic in the "Dovidnyk z istoriï Ukraïny" (A hand-book on the History of Ukraine), 3-Volumes, Kyiv, 1993–1999, ISBN 5-7707-5190-8 (t. 1), ISBN 5-7707-8552-7 (t. 2), ISBN 966-504-237-8 (t. 3).
^Robert Kuwałek; Eugeniusz Riadczenko; Adam Dylewski; Justyna Filochowska; Michał Czajka (2015). "Tarnopol". Historia – Społeczność żydowska przed 1989 (in Polish). Virtual Shtetl (Wirtualny Sztetl). pp. 3–4 of 5. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
^Megargee, Geoffrey (2012). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. Volume II, 838-389. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.
^Frieser, Karl-Heinz; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard; Ungváry, Kristián; Wegner, Bernd (2007). Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten [The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts] (in German). Vol. VIII. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 978-3-421-06235-2. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^Włodzimierz Borodziej; Ingo Eser; Stanisław Jankowiak; Jerzy Kochanowski; Claudia Kraft; Witold Stankowski; Katrin Steffen (1999). Stanisław Ciesielski (ed.). Przesiedlenie ludności polskiej z Kresów Wschodnich do Polski 1944–1947 [Resettlement of Poles from Kresy 1944–1947] (in Polish). Warsaw: Neriton. pp. 29, 50, 468. ISBN 83-86842-56-3.
^Влада Тернополя наполягає на відновленні військових частин на Західній Україні [Ternopil authorities insist on restoration of military units in western Ukraine]. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (in Ukrainian). 16 April 2014. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
^"Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
^"Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. 17 July 2020.
^"Ukraine Eurovision act's city Ternopil attacked before performance". BBC News. 13 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
^"Ternopil, Ukraine Climate Data". Climatebase. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
^"2001 | English version | Results | General results of the census | National composition of population". Archived from the original on 17 December 2011.
^"Восьме всеукраїнське муніципальне опитування" (PDF). ratinggroup.ua (in Ukrainian). International Republican Institute. April–May 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
^Padokh, Yaroslav (2001). "Chubaty, Mykola". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
^"Städtepartnerschaften". www.erftstadt.de (in German). Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
^Hodara, Susan (26 October 2008). "Communities; Cities Find Sisters Abroad". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
^"Elbląg – Podstrony / Miasta partnerskie". Elbląski Dziennik Internetowy (in Polish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
^"Elbląg – Miasta partnerskie". Elbląg.net (in Polish). Retrieved 1 August 2013.
^"Batumi – Twin Towns & Sister Cities". Batumi City Hall. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
^Piotrowski, Tadeusz (9 January 2007). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2913-4. ...on the German side and Roman Shukhevych ('Tur', 'Taras Chuprynka') as head of the Ukrainian staff, wore the uniform of the Wehrmacht.
^"Israeli Envoy in Ukraine Slams Naming of Soccer Stadium in Honor of Nazi Ally Roman Shukhevych", Algemeiner.com, retrieved 22 October 2023
^ ab"Israel protests against western Ukrainian city naming stadium in honor of Shukhevych", Kyiv Post, retrieved 22 October 2023
^"Tarnów zawiesza współpracę z Tarnopolem" (in Polish). Retrieved 26 November 2023.
^"Israel's Ambassador demands cancellation of decision on Ternopil stadium's name", UNIAN, retrieved 22 October 2023
^"FIFA urged to take action after stadium renamed for Nazi collaborator", The Jerusalem Post, 17 March 2021, retrieved 22 October 2023
Kubijovyč, Volodymyr; Mykolaievych, Roman (2012). "Ternopil". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
(in Ukrainian) Ternopil City Council
(in Ukrainian and English) Ternopil photos
Ternopil City Sights
Website about Ternopil
Historical footage of war damages at Ternopil (1917), filmportal.de