Eleven German Navy Zeppelins raided England, but most failed to reach their targets, with only one British soldier reported as a casualty. Royal Flying Corps Second Lieutenant W. J. Tempest in a Royal aircraft shot down airship L 31 outside London, killing its entire crew, including the famed airship commander Heinrich Mathy who leaped to his death from the burning Zeppelin.[5]
Born:Tibor Reich, Hungarian-British designer, known for his celebrated textile designs including deep texture weaves in the 1950s, in Budapest (d. 1996)
Flămânda Offensive – The Austro-Hungarian Navy contested the Romanian bridgehead on the Danube River. Romanian torpedo boats SMS Bodrog and SMS Körös engaged by the enemy ships but coast batteries disabled the Badrog while Körös was forced by enemy fire to the shore where it ran aground.[10]
Battle of the Crna Bend – A Bulgarian army of 26,000 troops defended the Crna River in Macedonia against Allied forces composed of French, Russian and Serbian soldiers. The Serbians attempted to cross the river but were beaten back by Bulgarian counter-assaults.[24][25]
The Italian government was informed of the content of the agreement signed in May between France, the United Kingdom and Russia for the partition of the Asian part of the Ottoman Empire. Italy advanced reservations about the agreement and demanded that part of Asia Minor, including the Turkish provinces of Aidin (Smyrna), Konya and Adana, would be allocated to them as agreed in the Treaty of London.[26]
Japanese politician Katō Takaaki established Kenseikai, a conservative political party from the merger of three other political organizations, allowing it to gain 198 seats and a majority in the Lower House of the National Diet in Japan.[44]
Bayonne refinery strike – A mob of 500 strikers lay siege to a police station in Bayonne, New Jersey in retaliation to police shooting into the picket line the previous day, as well as looting several saloons.[46]
Eighth Battle of the Isonzo – The battle for Gorizia ended inconclusively with both the Italians and Austro-Hungarians each sustaining 25,000 casualties.[47]
Battle of Le Transloy – British attacks failed to push the German line back, although the offence was now taking a serious toll on the Germans.[49] One of its worst hit infantry units lost 1,177 casualties in 10 days of fighting and was reduced to 350 infantry.[50]
Died:Donald Hankey, British army officer, best known for his essays on military life in A Student in Arms (killed in the Battle of the Somme) (b. 1884)
British soldier Harry Farr was executed for cowardice despite his claims to army medical doctors that he was suffering from severe hearing loss (a symptom his family later deemed to be shell shock). He was pardoned in 2006 as part of the Armed Forces Act which gave over 300 pardons for soldiers who were court-martial-ed over command's misunderstanding of combat-related health issues.[82][83]
Battle of the Somme – British casualties for the Fourth Army by October were 57,722, while the French endured 37,626. German casualties were 78,500.[86]
Battle of the Crna Bend – After nearly two weeks of fighting, Serbian forces finally established at bridgehead on the other side of the Crna River in Macedonia, east of the Bulgarian-held village of Brod.[87][88]
German Navy Zeppelins participated in a High Seas Fleet sortie over the North Sea, but German and British ships failed to come in contact with one another, although Zeppelin L 14 sighted part of the Royal Navy's Harwich Force. Five Zeppelins suffered serious mechanical breakdowns during the operation.[92]
Bayonne refinery strike – Striking refinery workers in Bayonne, New Jersey returned to work for Standard Oil after 16 days on the picket line with no concessions given. The estimated total casualties from the violence were four dead and 34 wounded.[93]
A "perfect storm" hit Lake Erie, sinking four large ships (including the James B. Colgate) and killing 49 people, in what was later referred to as "Black Friday".[98]
The organ version of Comes Autumn Time by American composer Leo Sowerby was performed by Eric DeLamarter for the first time at Fourth Presbyterian Church in Chicago. Based on public reception, DeLamarter convinced Sowerby to create an orchestral version that debuted the following January.[102]
Anthony Crawford, an African-American landowner, was lynched by a mob of 200 whites while in jail in Abbeville, South Carolina. Despite repeated interventions by the local sheriff, Crawford was attacked several times by the mob over a 24-hour period after getting into an argument with a local merchant over the price of cotton. He was dragged from the jail to the local fairgrounds and hanged. Despite an investigation later pushed by South Carolina Governor Richard Manning, lack of local public cooperation forced the investigation to close with no charges laid. The United States Congress issued a formal apology to the Crawford family for the lynching in 2005.[106][107]
Battle of Verdun – An attempt to recapture Fort Vaux failed, although French forces did take 6,000 German soldiers prisoner.[116]
American reproductive rights pioneer Margaret Sanger was arrested for breaking a New York state law prohibiting distribution of contraceptives following the opening of a birth control clinic in Brooklyn.[117]
Battle of Segale – Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis secured the Ethiopian throne for Empress Zewditu after defeating Negus Mikael of Wollo during his march on the Ethiopian capital in support of his son Emperor Iyasu.[133]
The first plebiscite in Australia on the issue of military conscription was held where it was defeated by a nearly four percent margin (52 percent against to 48 percent for conscription).[134]
British hospital ship SS Galeka struck a mine and sank, killing 19 people.[135]
German flying aceOswald Boelcke was killed in a mid-air collision between his Albatros airplane and the fighter plane of fellow German ace Erwin Böhme. Author of the first formal book on the rules of conduct for aerial warfare, Boelcke had 40 confirmed victories at the time of his death.[136]
Irish politician John Redmond demanded the abolition of martial law implemented during the Easter Rising, the release of suspected persons, and that Irish prisoners be treated as political prisoners.[138]
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