French aviator Eugène Gilbert became the first person to fly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) in a single day to win the semi-annually awarded Pommery Cup. The prize was to be given to the person who "makes the longest flight across country from sunrise to sunset on one day, during which he may stop as often as he wishes to replenish fuel". Gilbert departed Paris at 4:45 am, flew seven hours non-stop to the Spanish town of Vittoria, departed again at 1:00 and arrived at the Portuguese town of Pejabo at 8:00 p.m.[16]
Explosions at the East Brookside Colliery of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company mine at Tower City, Pennsylvania, killed 19 people and seriously injured 20. Thirteen men were killed in the blast, and five men who volunteered to be rescuers were killed in a second explosion in the 1,800-foot (550 m) deep mine shaft.[19][20]
The "Wheatland hop riot" began after farm workers at the hops farm at Durst Ranch, near the town of Wheatland, in Yuba County, California, gathered for a meeting with Richard "Blackie" Ford, an organizer for the Industrial Workers of the World union. When the Yuba County Sheriff and his officers arrived to arrest Ford, a crowd of workers rushed the officers. Four people were killed in the melee.[21]
As the uprising of China's southern provinces collapsed, the Fujian province rescinded its July 20 declaration of independence, and rebel general Xu Chongzhi fled to Japan, returning control of the province to Governor Sun Daoren.[23]
Joseph Knowles, a 44-year-old survivalist, began his experiment of living alone in "the uncharted forests of northeastern Maine", pledging to "live as Adam lived" for two months. Before a group of reporters, Knowles removed all of his clothes, and walked into the forest without clothing, food or tools. The American press followed his progress by written notes that Knowles left at prearranged locations. Knowles would emerge from the forest on October 4, 1913, wearing a bearskin robe, deerskin moccasins, and a knife, bow and arrows that he had crafted himself.[24] However, there were rumors that Knowles's story was a hoax.[25]
Pope Pius X reformed longstanding rules of canon law that had restricted the hearing of confession for members of certain religious orders. Previously, confessions could not be heard without prior approval by a superior.[27]
John Henry Mears set a new record for traveling around the world, arriving back in New York City after 35 days, 21 hours and 35 minutes. Sponsored by the New York Evening Sun, Mears broke the old record (set by Andre Jaeger-Schmidt in 1911) by four days. Mears, who had departed the newspaper's offices in the early morning hours of July 2 returned to the same spot "at 10:10 o'clock" in the evening five weeks later.[29]
Venezuela's President Juan Vicente Gómez temporarily left office in order to personally lead the nation's army against the rebels of Cipriano Castro. José Gil Fortoul of the Federal Council was designated by Gomez to act as President during Gomez's absence.[30]
The Senate of France voted 245-37 to pass the Three Years Act, extending compulsory military service from two years to three years.[35]
El Salvador and the United States signed a five-year treaty, pledging to submit all disputes between them "for investigation and report to an International Commission" composed of representatives from five nations. The proposed Commission would have one year to render its report, during which participating nations would withhold from going to war. The agreement was the first of the international peace treaties that Secretary Bryan had proposed in a "plan for world-wide peace".[36]
Venustiano Carranza, leader of Mexico's rebellion against the government of President Victoriano Huerta, and Governor of the State of Coahuila, sent a reply to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's proposal for a ceasefire until elections could be held in October. Carranza said that he did not recognize President Huerta's authority as legal and that his "comrades in arms in the just defense of our constitutional rights" would continue to fight.[39]
Slightly less than one year before the outbreak of World War I, a diplomat from Austria-Hungary told representatives from Italy and Germany that his Empire intended to plan an invasion of Serbia. The private discussion would be revealed on December 5, 1914, by Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, who said that Italy refused to participate.[43]
The Treaty of Bucharest was signed at 10:30 a.m., ending the Second Balkan War.[44]Serbia and Greece agreed to withdraw their troops from Bulgaria within three days, and Romania agreed to withdraw from Bulgaria within 15 days. In return, Bulgaria, which had won control of most of the region of Macedonia from Turkey in the First Balkan War, gave up 90 percent of its gains. Serbia increased its size by 80% with the acquisition of northern Macedonia, and Greece increased in size by 68% with the southern half of Macedonia. Bulgaria also ceded Southern Dobruja to Romania, and agreed to demobilize its armed forces immediately. The parties also agreed to submit any future disputes over their borders for arbitration by Belgium, the Netherlands or Switzerland.[45]
The London ambassadors conference of Europe's six "Great Powers" (Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, the United Kingdom) settled on the boundaries of the new Principality of Albania, created from former Turkish territory by the Balkan League during the First Balkan War. Greece received most of the Chameria, the southern part of the region occupied by the Albanian people, which was incorporated into Epirus, with the capital, Yanina, being renamed as Ioannina.[citation needed] British Foreign Secretary Edward Grey told Parliament the next day that the division of the Albanian people had been made to avoid a war between the Great Powers over the region.[47]
Twelve workers on the Panama Canal, all but one of them Panamanian, were killed in a sudden rockslide at the quarry at Puerto Bello.[48]
The brand name "Oreo" was registered by the United States Patent and Trademark Office for exclusive use by the National Biscuit Company for its cookies, first marketed on March 6, 1912.[50] Theories of the origin of the name include that it was from the Greek word oros (όρος) (for "mountain"), or the French word or (for "gold"), or the Greek word oraia (ωραία), meaning "nice".[51]
August 13, 1913 (Wednesday)edit
Impeached Governor Sulzer and Acting Governor Glynn
Chinese government troops and secessionist rebels fought a battle at Guangzhou (Canton), with 1,200 people being killed.[52]
After an all-night session, the New York State Assembly voted 79-45 to impeach Governor William Sulzer. The eight articles included accusations of larceny, bribery, obstruction of justice, abuse of the public trust, and perjury.[53] Lieutenant Governor Martin H. Glynn became the Acting Governor under state law, as confirmed by the state Attorney General on August 18, although Sulzer said that he would not abandon his office while awaiting his trial in the State Senate on September 18.[54] Sulzer would be found guilty, by a vote of 43-12, on three of the charges, and have removed from office on October 17.[55]
In the skies near Kiev, Russian aviator Pyotr Nesterov became the first person to execute a loop, flying his Nieuport airplane on an upward pitch until he was upside down, then bringing it back down.[59]
August 15, 1913 (Friday)edit
Albert Schweitzer performed major surgery for the first time at the site of what would become Hôpital Albert Schweitzer at Lambaréné in Gabon, at that time a part of French Equatorial Africa in the jungle. The mission hospital was still under construction, but the patient had a strangulated hernia that required immediate attention. With his wife as the anesthetist, Dr. Schweitzer did the operation in the students' housing at the nearby mission school.[60]
Harry Kendall Thaw, the millionaire who murdered architect Stanford White on June 25, 1906, and then was confined to an asylum rather than imprisoned, walked out of the mental hospital at Matteawan, New York and fled to Canada.[66] Thaw would be recaptured, sent back to the hospital and finally be released in 1924, and would die in Florida on February 22, 1947.[67]
Massachusetts angler Charles Church caught a 5-foot (1.5 m) long, 73-pound (33 kg) striped bass, the largest up to that time. Church's record would stand for almost 58 years as the mark that "remained the goal of every striper fisherman", until July 17, 1981, when Captain Bob Roschetta would reel in a 76-pound (34 kg) bass.[68]
The passenger ship State of California struck an uncharted reef off Admiralty Island in Alaska and sank within three minutes, with 40 of the 179 passengers and crew drowning. The Pacific Coast Steamship Company vessel had been on its way from Seattle to Skagway.[69]
Venezuelan government troops recaptured the town of Coro, Venezuela, located in the state of Falcón, from the rebels led by Cipriano Castro. Two of the rebel leaders, General Lazaro Gonzales and General Urbina, were killed in the battle, while Castro was able to flee.[70]
At the roulette wheel at Le Grande Casino in Monte Carlo, Monaco, the color black came up 26 times in a row. The probability of the occurrence was 1 in 136,823,184.[71] The incident is cited as an illustration of the gambler's fallacy, because after the wheel stopped at black ten straight times, casino patrons began betting large sums of money on red, on the logic that black could not possibly come up again. The odds of red or black coming up on any individual spin were the same each time—18 out of 37; to no surprise of statisticians, "the casino made several million francs that night".[72]
August 19, 1913 (Tuesday)edit
The Turkish council of ministers voted to drop claims to territory west of the Maritza River in return for keeping Adrianople.[73]
The derailing of a train carrying dynamite caused an explosion killing almost 100 people in the Mexico City suburb of Tacubaya.[74]
After his airplane failed at an altitude of 900 feet (270 m), aviator Adolphe Pégoud became the first person to bail out from a falling airplane and to land safely.[75]
The combination of materials that would become known as "stainless steel" was cast for the first time, by British metallurgist Harry Brearley. On test number 1008, at a laboratory in Sheffield, Brearley created an alloy that consisted of 12.8% chromium, 0.44% manganese, 0.2% silicon, 0.24% carbon and 85.32% iron. Brearley would later recount that "When microscopic studies of this steel were being made, one of the first noticeable things was that the usual reagent used for etching the polished surface of a microsection would not etch, or etched very slowly... The significance of this is that etching is a form of corrosion, and the specimens behaved in vinegar and other food acids as they behaved with the etching reagents."[78]
John Henry Faulk, American radio broadcaster, known for his popular radio program The John Henry Faulk Show until it was cancelled following being accusations of being a communist by Red Channels, later winning a $3.5 million lawsuit against the group; in Austin, Texas (d. 1990)
Fifty men employed at a gold mine in the Mysore State of India were killed as they were being lowered into the mine shaft. The cable that held their elevator cage broke, sending them plummeting to the bottom.[83]
As it neared completion, Wolf House, built by author Jack London, was destroyed by a fire before he could move in. "Carefully designed to avert natural disasters and last a thousand years," an author would write later, "it lasted two days."[84] In 1995, a forensic team would conclude that the fire was accidental, caused by the summer heat and the resulting combustion of an oil-soaked rag left behind by a workman.[85]
The city of San Gabriel, California, was incorporated, 142 years after the founding of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel in 1771, with a population of 1,500 people. One century later, it would have over 40,000 residents.[94]
Leo Frank, the Jewish superintendent of a pencil factory in Atlanta, was convicted by a jury of the April 26 murder of Mary Phagan, and sentenced to death.[96][97]
British aviator Harry Hawker was two-thirds of the way done with his quest to become the first person to fly an airplane around the British Isles, and slightly less than 500 miles (800 km) from winning a £10,000 prize ($25,000 in 1913 USD, worth roughly $580,000 or £375,000 a century later), when his plane crashed in an accident blamed on his footwear. Hawker escaped serious injury, but "His boots were rubber-soled, and at a critical moment his foot slipped off the rudder bar" of his seaplane, which went out of control and crashed into the Irish Sea, a few feet from the Irish coast at Loughshinny. Hawker escaped with only a broken arm. The sponsor of the prize, the British newspaper the Daily Mail, presented Hawker with a smaller £1,000 prize "in recognition of his skill and courage". The rubber-soled boots, which cost Hawker the equivalent of half a million dollars, were ruined by the seawater.[103]
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson delivered a written message to Congress, proclaiming American neutrality in Mexico's civil war, and urged all Americans to leave that nation. Wilson stated that he would "see to it that neither side to the struggle now going on in Mexico receive any assistance from this side of the border" and that the U.S. could not "be the partisans of either party" nor "the virtual umpire between them".[104]
A meteor crashed into the Sakonnet River, near Tiverton, Rhode Island. The explosion, which news reports said "sounded like the discharge of a twelve-inch gun", was heard within a 20-mile (32 km) radius and broke windows in nearby homes.[105]
French Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, assisting on the expedition to locate further remains of the Piltdown Man, found a canine tooth that perfectly fit the skull of the alleged early ancestor of homo sapiens.[113]
Eight men and one woman aboard the tugboat Alice were killed when the boilers exploded as the boat was towing barges on the Ohio River near Coraopolis, Pennsylvania. The force of the blast hurled one of the boilers a distance of 1,600 feet (490 m). Six other persons survived and were rescued by a passing steamer, the Harriet.[116]
The last barrier to the Pacific side of the Panama Canal was opened with the explosion of 44,800 pounds (20,300 kg) of dynamite, allowing the Pacific Ocean to flow into the locks at Miraflores. Work began two days later "to remove the last barrier of the Atlantic Channel".[119]
Chinese government troops retook the city of Nanjing from rebels.[120]
The Dublin lock-out strike took a deadly turn when the Dublin Metropolitan Police killed one demonstrator and injured 500 more in dispersing the street-car strike protesters. Thirty people were arrested, including the Irish Transport Union leader, James Larkin, whose attempt to address the crowd from a hotel balcony was followed by the police intervention.[122] The burial of James Nolan, three days later, was attended by 50,000 people.[123]
U.S. Congressman Timothy Sullivan, who had represented New York's 13th congressional district (and upper Manhattan) since March, was struck and dismembered by a train in New York City. Sullivan, who had also represented the state in Congress from 1903 to 1906 remained unidentified for several days and was set to be sent to a potter's field for the poor, but was recognized on September 13 by a policeman, after which he received a large funeral.[124][125]
The association football (soccer) team PSV Eindhoven was established by Philips Sport Vereniging in Eindhoven in the Netherlands.
^"Gomez Dictator to Oppose Castro", The New York Times, August 2, 1913
^"Record of Current Events", The American Monthly Review of Reviews (September 1913), pp. 297-298
^"Record of Current Events" September 1913, pp. 297-298
^"Huerta to Stick; No Interference", The New York Times, August 2, 1913
^"Record of Current Events" September 1913, pp. 297-298
^"Russia Latest To Decline; Joins Seven Other Nations in Refusing — 27 Have Accepted", The New York Times, August 2, 1913
^Frederick, J.B.M. (1984). Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978. Wakefield, Yorkshire: Microform Academic Publishers. p. 447. ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
^Sayles, Adelaide B. The Story of The Children's Museum of Boston: From Its Beginnings to November 18, 1936. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis Co., 1937, pp. 7-8.
^Negro Year Book: An Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro. 1918. p. 144. Via Google Books.
^"The Hundred-Year Climb of Mount Olympus". 24 July 2013.
^Thomas T Mackie & Richard Rose (1991) The International Almanac of Electoral History, Macmillan, p. 243 (vote figures)
^"Om OB & IK". Otterup Bold (in Danish). Retrieved 19 November 2019.
^"To Form a Dutch Cabinet". The New York Times. August 3, 1913.
^"Record of Current Events" September 1913, pp. 297-298
^"Flies 1,030 Miles in a Day". The New York Times. August 3, 1913.
^"Kills Protectorate Plan for Nicaragua". The New York Times. August 3, 1913.
^"Nicaraguan Plan Shelved". The New York Times. August 4, 1913.
^"Five Rescuers Die with Mine Victims". The New York Times. August 3, 1913.
^Richards, J. Stuart (February 28, 2007). Death in the Mines: Disasters and Rescues in the Anthracite Coal Fields of Pennsylvania. The History Press. p. 59.
^Paul A. Gilje, Rioting in America (Indiana University Press, 1999) p. 132; Robert Justin Goldstein, Political Repression in Modern America (University of Illinois Press, 1978, 2001) p. 90
^"Wilson Suggests Plan to Mexico", The New York Times, August 5, 1913
^Joyce A. Madancy, The Troublesome Legacy of Commissioner Lin: The Opium Trade and Opium Suppression in Fujian Province, 1820s to 1920s (Harvard University Asia Center, 2003) pp. 224-225
^John F. Kasson, Houdini, Tarzan, and the Perfect Man: The White Male Body and the Challenge of Modernity in America (Macmillan, 2001) p. 191; Robert D. Gilbreath, Compel: How to Get Others in Your Organization to Think and Act Differently (John Wiley & Sons, 2007) pp. 52-53; Stanley Rogers, Crusoes and Castaways: True Stories of Survival & Solitude (George G. Harrap & Co., 1932, reprinted by Courier Dover Publications, 2011) p. 140
^The 1913 ‘Nature Man’ Whose Survivalist Stunts Were Not What They Seemed. atlasobscura.com, by Robert Moor July 07, 2016
^"Historia". Rio Branco Esporte Clube (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2006-04-17. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
^"The New Canon Law in Its Practical Aspects: Papers Reprinted from "the Ecclesiastical Review", October, 1917-August, 1918" by Andrew Brennan Meehan, et al., (American Ecclesiastical Review, 1918) p. 71
^"Sport Club Cañadense". Sport Club Cañadense (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 November 2019.
^"Cuts a Slice off Globe-Circling Time", The New York Times, August 7, 1913
^"Gomez Leads 7,000 Against Castro", The New York Times, August 6, 1913
^"Dr. Sun Yat-sen Flees from China", The New York Times, August 7, 1913
^"Serious Shocks in Peru", The New York Times, August 9, 1913
^Record of Movements Vessels of the United States Coast Guard 1790 -December 31, 1933(PDF). Washington: TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 1989. p. 445.
^Istorija o kojoj se ne priča at mojacrvenazvezda.net
^"Record of Current Events" September 1913, pp. 297-298
^"First Bryan Peace Treaty Is Signed". The New York Times. August 8, 1913.
^"Aviator Cody Killed in a Flight". The New York Times. August 8, 1913.
^Scoble, Juliet (2010). "Names & Opening & Closing Dates of Railway Stations" (PDF). Rail Heritage Trust of New Zealand. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
^"Carranza Says Fighting Must Go On; He Will Not Recognize Gen. Huerta", The New York Times, August 9, 1913
^Molly Meyers Naumann. "Bloomfield Public Library" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
^"Carnegie Libraries of Iowa Project-Bloomfield Public Library". University of Iowa. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
^J. Holland Rose, The Origins of the War (Cambridge University Press, 1914) p. 188
^"Allies Sign Peace; Turkey Obstinate", The New York Times, August 11, 1913
^Frank Maloy Anderson and Amos Shartle Hershey, Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa, 1870-1914 (Government Printing Office, 1918) pp. 439-441
^Bernard S. Schlessinger; June H. Schlessinger (1996). The Who's who of Nobel Prize Winners, 1901-1995. Oryx Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-89774-899-5.
^Tom Gallagher, Outcast Europe: The Balkans, 1789-1989, from the Ottomans to Milošević (Routledge, 2001) p. 65
^"12 Die in Panama Slide", The New York Times, August 12, 1913
^Bonsucesso at Arquivo de Clubes Archived January 17, 2013, at archive.today
^""Detailed trademark information from the official US federal trademark database (USPTO): "OREO"". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
^David Feldman, Why Do Clocks Run Clockwise?: Mysteries of Everyday Life Explained (HarperCollins, 2009)
^"Record of Current Events" September 1913, pp. 297-298
^"Eight Articles of Impeachment Against Gov. Sulzer", The New York Times, August 14, 1913
^"Glynn Governor, Says Carmody", The New York Times, August 19, 1913
^Gustavus Myers, The History of Tammany Hall (Applewood Books, 2012) p. 376
^Richard Diubaldo, Stefansson and the Canadian Arctic (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999) pp. 82-83
^"Record of Current Events" September 1913, pp. 297-298
^John E. Jessup (1998). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 446. ISBN 978-0-313-28112-9.
^Robin D. S. Higham, et al. Russian Aviation and Air Power in the 20th Century (Taylor & Francis, 1998) p. 92
^"10th Queen's Own Canadian Hussars". canadiansoldiers.com. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
^Burton Jesse Hendrick, The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page (Library of Alexandria, 1924)
^"Record of Current Events", The American Monthly Review of Reviews (October 1913), pp. 297-298
^Fields, Armond; Fields, L. Marc (1993). From the Bowery to Broadway: Lew Fields and the Roots of American Popular Theater. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 339. ISBN 0-19-505381-8.
^"Seeks Only Adrianople". The New York Times. August 20, 1913.
^"Explosion Kills 100". The New York Times. August 20, 1913.
^"Airman Uses Parachute". The New York Times. August 20, 1913.
^"Record of Current Events" October 1913, pp. 297-298
^"Ollivier, France's War Premier, Dies". The New York Times. August 21, 1913.
^Cobb, Harold M. (2010). The History of Stainless Steel. ASM International. p. 41.
^Sperry, Roger; Trevarthen, Colwyn B. (26 January 1990). Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind: Essays in Honor of Roger Wolcott Sperry, Author. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-521-37874-1 – via Google Books.
^SanMiguel.com Archived December 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^"El viejo San Mamés cumpliría hoy cien años" [Old San Mamés would be 100 years old today] (in Spanish). El Mundo. 21 August 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
^Parker, Kathryn (2006). Images of America: Winchester. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing. pp. 49–52. ISBN 9780738543154.
^"Fifty Miners Killed by Cage Fall", The New York Times, August 23, 1913
^Anne Trubek, A Skeptic's Guide to Writers' Houses (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011) p. 110
^Ybarra, Michael (February 4, 1996), "Discovering An Answer In the Flames", The New York Times
^Schlüpmann, Heide “The first German art film: Rye’s The Student of Prague (1913),” German Film & Literature, ed. Eric Rentschler, Methuen Inc., NY, NY, 1986, p. 9-15
^Copenhagen Sights: Travel Guide to the Top 30 Attractions in Copenhagen, Denmark (MobileReference, 2010)
^Christopher Kobrak and Per H. Hansen, European Business, Dictatorship, and Political Risk, 1920-1945 (Berghahn Books, 2004) p. 180
^Jaffé, Daniel. Sergey Prokofiev. Phaidon, 2008: p. 35
^"Estonia majast". Opera Estonia (in Estonian). Rahvusooper Estonia. Archived from the original on 29 May 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
^"Evolution of team names over the years". Romanian Soccer (in Romanian). Retrieved 5 November 2019.
^"Dublin Strikers Rioting", The New York Times, August 31, 1913;
^"The Dublin 1913 Lockout", Padraig Yeates, History Ireland (2009)
^"Lind Declares His Mission Ended", The New York Times, August 26, 1913
^"Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^Hanusz, Mark (2000). Kretek: The Culture and Heritage of Indonesia's Clove Cigarettes. Equinox Pub. pp. 120–121. ISBN 978-979-95898-0-4 – via Google Books.
^"Rubber-soled Shoe Ends Hawker's Trip". The New York Times. August 28, 1913.
^"Wilson's Message; Gamboa's Reply". The New York Times. August 28, 1913.
^"Meteor Falls in River". The New York Times. August 29, 1913.
^"Record of Current Events" October 1913, pp. 297-298
^"Record of Current Events" October 1913, pp. 297-298
^McIlvaine, E., Sherby, L.S. and Heineman, J.H. (1990) P.G. Wodehouse: A comprehensive bibliography and checklist. New York: James H. Heineman, pp. 25–26. ISBN 087008125X
^Steven E. Sanderson, Agrarian Populism and the Mexican State: The Struggle for Land in Sonora (University of California Press, 1981) p. 57
^"Heemskerk, Theodorus (1852-1932)" (in Dutch). Resources Huygens. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
^"Mark Rutte: eerste liberale premier sinds 1918" (in Dutch). EenVandaag. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^Weiner, J. S. (2003). The Piltdown Forgery (Fiftieth Anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 150.
^"Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^Morris, James M.; Kearns, Patricia M., eds. (2011). "Pensacola Naval Air Station". Historical Dictionary of the United States Navy. Scarecrow Press. p. 323.
^"Tug Explosion Kills Nine". The New York Times. August 31, 1913.
^At the Theatres. New Rochelle Pioneer. August 23, 1913
^"Blast Lets Pacific Reach Canal Locks". The New York Times. September 1, 1913.
^"Record of Current Events" October 1913, pp. 297-298
^Vacalopoulos, Constantinos (2004). Ιστορία της Μείζονος Θράκης, από την πρώιμη Οθωμανοκρατία μέχρι τις μέρες μας [History of Greater Thrace, from early Ottoman rule until nowadays]. Thessaloniki: Publisher Antonios Stamoulis. p. 282. ISBN 960-8353-45-9.
^"500 Hurt, 1 Dead in Dublin Riots". The New York Times. September 1, 1913.
^"50,000 at Burial of Dublin Laborer". The New York Times. September 1, 1913.
^Mohl, Raymond A. (1997). The Making of Urban America. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 146.
^Grossman, Mark, ed. (2003). "Sullivan, Timothy Daniel". Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed. ABC-CLIO. pp. 312–313.