Princess Anna Amalia of Prussia was born on 9 November 1723 in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia as the 12th child and 7th daughter of King Frederick William I (1688–1740) and his wife, born Princess Sophia Dorothea of Hanover (1687–1757). She had 13 siblings, 10 of whom survived infancy, including the future Frederick the Great (1712–1786).^[1] The Prussian royal children were raised in Berlin, where they lived in the Royal Palace (Königliches Schloss; today Berlin Palace/Berliner Schloss), but they also regularly spent time in the king's favourite residence, a jagdschloss ("hunting lodge") in Königs Wusterhausen.^[2]

Amalia was musically inclined, just like Crown Prince Frederick, but her formal instruction was only possible after the death of their abusive father^{[citation needed]} who considered music to be decadent.^[3] Frederick William had an unpredictable temper,^[4] often dragging her across a room by her hair in a rage.^{[citation needed]} Amalia's childhood was overshadowed by her father: described as an uneducated, unpolished and spartan soldier, he was an alcoholic whose favourite hobby was smoking pipes with commoners, an extremely pious and narrow-minded Calvinist^[4] who loved his wife and was faithful to her, but behaved violently towards his whole family, courtiers, and anyone who upset him.^[5]

He preferred a simple life and only enjoyed German food and culture, detesting everything French.^[2] He thought that women are for breeding only and have to be completely submissive to their husbands.^[6] On the other hand, Queen Sophia Dorothea was a well-educated and ambitious woman who enjoyed theatre and balls and loved French culture and fashion. She entrusted the care of her children to a French staff, to which the king could not object as French was the language of international diplomacy.^[4] Music became Amalia's secret consolation.^{[citation needed]} She was first taught by Crown Prince Frederic with the support of their mother, and learned to play the harpsichord, the flute, and the violin.^{[citation needed]}

The king was especially cruel to the crown prince as he considered his passion for music, literature and French culture unmanly.^[7] After many beatings and much humiliation, Frederick attempted to flee to their mother's family in England in 1730, but was captured and court-martialed. For her part in the escape attempt, the king almost beat his eldest daughter Princess Wilhelmine (1709–1758) to death.^[8] Amalia was 7 years old at the time. In May 1740, Frederick William II died and Amalia's eldest brother succeeded him as Frederick II.^[9]

Suggested marriage (1743–1744) edit

After Prince Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp (1710–1771) was elected heir of the childless king of Sweden, Frederick I in 1743, Prussia, Russia, and Sweden pursued an alliance.^[10] A marriage was suggested between the new Swedish crown prince and either Amalia or her elder sister Louisa Ulrika (1720–1782). Their brother King Frederick thought that Louisa Ulrika was too ambitious to be a good queen in a relatively powerless monarchy^[11] as Sweden was then in the Age of Liberty (1720–1772), a period of parliamentary governance.^[10] He described Amalia as mild and good-hearted and thus more suitable for the role. It has been suggested that he believed that Amalia would be easier to control as a Prussian agent in the Swedish court. However, the Swedish envoy preferred Louisa Ulrika, and she was married by proxy in July 1744.^[11]

In 1755, after the death of the previous abbess, Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (1678–1755), Amalia was elected princess-abbess of the Free Secular Imperial Abbey of Quedlinburg (German: Kasierlich Freie Weltliche Reichsstift Quedlinburg),^[12] which made her a wealthy and influential woman with the right to sit and speak in the Imperial Diet.^[13] She spent most of her time in Berlin and devoted herself to music, becoming known as a patron and composer.^{[citation needed]} In 1758, she started studying music theory and composition from Johann Kirnberger(1721–1783), a student of Johann Sebastian Bach.^{[citation needed]}

She achieved modest fame and is most known for her chamber music, including trios, marches, cantatas, songs, and fugues.^{[citation needed]} Her favourite among her own compositions was the passion cantata Der Tod Jesu ("The Death of Jesus"), based on a poem by Karl Wilhelm Ramler.^{[citation needed]} Only a few of her works have survived and she may have destroyed many of her own compositions, as she described herself as very timid and self-critical.^{[citation needed]} More compositions by her may surface as a result of the 2000 discovery of the archives of the Sing-Akademie zu Berlin in Kyiv which had been lost since World War II.^[14]

Amalia also collected music, preserving over 600 volumes by Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Georg Philipp Telemann, Carl Heinrich Graun and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, among others. Her library was split between East Germany and West Germany after World War II and reunited after the German reunification of 1990. Today it is housed in the Berlin State Library.^[14]

Princess-abbess Anna Amalia died on 30 March 1787 at the age of 63^[15] and was buried in Berlin Cathedral. She was succeeded by her niece, Princess Sophia Albertina of Sweden (1753–1829).^{[citation needed]}

Selected compositions edit

Sonata in F Major (for Flute and Basso Continuo) (1771) edit

I. Adagio, II. Allegretto, III. Allegro ma non troppo^[16]

Her flute sonata is maybe Amalia's most well-known composition.^[17] It has a duration of about 11 minutes.^[16]

Harpsichord Concerto in G major edit

I. Allegro, G minor, II. Andantino, C major, III. Allegro, G major

The concerto is scored for solo harpischord, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, and strings. It is written for a chamber orchestra and can be played with as few as one person per part, with a duration of around 13 minutes. It has a well-integrated solo part, and the second movement is mainly orchestral. The finale resembles a minuet with a trio featuring wind solos.^[18]

Divertimento in B-flat major (circa 1780) edit

I. Adagio, B-flat major, II. Allegro, B flat major

The divertimento shows a possible influence by Mozart and might be the first chamber music featuring a clarinet. It opens with a tutti part and is then led by the viola.^[18]

Based on the title page of the Divertimento (from IMSLP.org), it was actually composed by Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

• Henry Gardiner Adams, ed. (1857). "Amalie, Ann". A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography: 32. Wikidata Q115632010.
• Farquhar, Michael (1 May 2001). A Treasury of Royal Scandals: The Shocking True Stories History's Wickedest, Weirdest, Most Wanton Kings, Queens, Tsars, Popes, and Emperors (Illustrated ed.). Penguin Books. p. 114. ISBN 978-0140280241.
• Leitner, Thea (1993). Skandal bei Hof (in German). Wien: Ueberreuter. ISBN 978-3-8000-3492-5.
• Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy (2003). Bach is Back in Berlin: The Return of the Sing-Akademie Archive from Ukraine in the Context of Displaced Cultural Treasures and Restitution Politics (PDF). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. Retrieved 21 June 2022 – via University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh.
• Mitford, Nancy (23 July 2013). Frederick the Great (Reprint ed.). New York Review Books. pp. 19, 27–29. ISBN 978-1590176238. Retrieved 21 June 2022 – via Google Books.
• Schieder, Theodor (2000). "Frederick's youth – the international situation and personal destiny. Father and son.". In Berkeley, Sabina; Scott, H.M. (eds.). Frederick the Great. Translated by Berkeley, Sabina; Scott, H.M. (English ed.). London, New York: Longman. p. 7. ISBN 0-582-01768-8. OCLC 1153309216. Retrieved 22 June 2022 – via Internet Archive.
• Kugler, Franz Theodor (1845). "Chapter V. Discord Between Father and Son". The Pictorial History of Germany During the Reign of Frederick the Great: Comprehending a Complete History of the Silesian campaigns, and the Seven Years War. Illustrated by Adolph Menzel. Henry G. Bohn. p. 55. LCCN 04027314. OL 6946179M. Retrieved 22 June 2022 – via Internet Archive.
• Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F.; Magdelaine, B. (1989). L'Allemagne dynastique : Hohenzollern, Waldeck, et familles alliés [Dynastic Germany: The Hohenzollerns, the Waldecks, and Allied Families] (in French). A. Giraud. pp. 162, 172. ISBN 978-2901138051.
• von Ammon, Christoph Heinrich (1768). Généalogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrième degré, inclusivement de tous les rois et princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans, réduite en CXIV. Tables de XVI. quartiers, composées selon les principles du blason, avec une table générale [Ascending Genealogy up to the Fourth Degree, Including All Kings and Princes of Sovereign Houses of Europe Living Now, in the Form of 114 Tables of 16 Quarters, Composed According to the Principles of Blazon, With a General Table] (in French). Berlin. Table 16. Retrieved 21 June 2022 – via Google Books.
• Jägerskiöld, Olof (1945). Lovisa Ulrika [Louisa Ulrika] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. OCLC 15005998.Atkinson, Emma Willsher (1858). "Life of Sophia Dorothea, of Hanover, Third Queen of Prussia". Memoirs of the Queens of Prussia. W. Kent and Co. pp. 132–133, 179–182, 205. OCLC 276863655. Retrieved 21 June 2022 – via Internet Archive.
• Benecke, G. (19 May 2014). Society and Politics in Germany 1500–1750. London, Toronto, Buffalo: Routledge. Appendix III. ISBN 978-0415759571.
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sweden" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 206.
• Peacock Jezic, Diane (1988). "Anna Amalia, Princess of Prussia (1723–1787). The Court of Frederick the Great". Women Composers. The Lost Tradition Found [Louisa Ulrika]. New York: The Feminist Press at CUNY. pp. 47–50. ISBN 978-1558610743. OCLC 18715963. Retrieved 21 June 2022 – via Internet Archive.

• 2021 radio programme containing music by Princess-abbess Anna Amalia on BBC Radio 3's The Early Music Show, hosted by Hannah French