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1971 in spaceflight

Summary

1971 saw the last three known deaths of cosmonauts of the Soviet space program and the only deaths in space. Their mission was to man humanity's first space station. The experimental bay door failed to separate so the first crew failed to dock and second crew were killed on re-entry. 1971 also saw the launch of the first and only British satellite on top of a British rocket after that success the program was cancelled.

1971 in spaceflight
Salyut 1, the first space station and Soyuz 11, the first mission to successfully dock with it, were launched in 1971. The crew were killed during reentry when their spacecraft depressurised
Orbital launches
First12 January
Last29 December
Total133
Successes118
Failures15
Catalogued120
National firsts
Orbital launch United Kingdom
Rockets
Maiden flightsSoyuz-M
Delta M6
Thor LV-2F Burner IIA
Titan III(24)B
Titan III(33)B
Titan IIID
RetirementsBlack Arrow
Delta E1
Delta M
Delta M6
Delta N6
Europa
Long March 1
R-36OM
Soyuz-L
Thor LV-2F Burner II
Thorad SLV-2G Agena-D
Titan III(23)B
Crewed flights
Orbital4
Total travellers12
  • v
  • t
  • e

Launches edit

Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload
(⚀ = CubeSat) 		Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks

January edit

12 January
09:30[1] 		  Voskhod   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 390 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 25 January[3] Successful
13 January
20:10 		  Black Brant II   Churchill   NRC
  NRC Suborbital Aeronomy 13 January Successful
14 January
12:00:00[4] 		  Kosmos-2I   Plesetsk 133/1  
  Kosmos 391 (DS-P1-I No.10) Low Earth Radar target 21 February 1972[3] Successful
20 January
11:24:00[1] 		  Vostok-2M   Plesetsk 41/1  
  Meteor 1-07 (Meteor-M)[5][6] Sun-synchronous Weather 14 July 2005[3] Successful
21 January
02:32 		  Black Brant VB   Churchill   NRC
  NRC Suborbital Auroral/Ionospheric 21 January Successful
21 January
08:40[1] 		  Voskhod   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 392 (Zenit-2M)[7] Low Earth Optical imaging 2 February[3] Successful
21 January
18:20 		  Titan III(23)B   Vandenberg SLC-4W   US Air Force
  OPS 7776 (Gambit-3 4330) NRO Low Earth Optical imaging 9 February Successful
  OPS 7776 SRV-1 NRO Low Earth Film return January Successful
  OPS 7776 SRV-2 NRO Low Earth Film return February Successful
22 January
04:44 		  Black Brant VB   Churchill   NRC
  NRC Suborbital Auroral/Ionospheric 22 January Successful
26 January
00:36:03 		  Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D   Cape Kennedy LC-36A  
  Intelsat IV F-2 Intelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
26 January
12:44:33[4] 		  Kosmos-2I   Plesetsk 133/1  
  Kosmos 393 (DS-P1-Yu No.34) Low Earth Calibration 16 June[3] Successful
26 January
17:23 		  Black Brant VB   Churchill   NRC
  NRC Suborbital Solar/Ionospheric 26 January Successful
31 January
21:03 		  Saturn V   Kennedy LC-39A   NASA
  Apollo 14 CSM NASA Selenocentric Lunar orbiter 9 February
21:05		 Successful
  Apollo 14 LM NASA Selenocentric Lunar lander 5 February
09:17		 Successful
Crewed flight with three astronauts, third crewed Lunar landing

February edit

3 February
01:41:40 		  Delta M   Cape Kennedy LC-17A  
  NATO-2B NATO Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
Final flight of Delta M
5 February
22:46 		  Black Brant IVB   Churchill   NRC
  NRC Suborbital Auroral/Ionospheric 5 February Successful
9 February
18:48:48[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/1  
  Kosmos 394 (DS-P1-M No.2) Low Earth ASAT target 25 February
(destroyed)		 Successful
Destroyed by Kosmos 397, debris still in orbit
16 February
04:00:00 		  Mu-3S   Kagoshima LA-M   ISAS
  Tansei 1 ISAS Low Earth Technology In orbit Successful
17 February
03:52:05 		  Thor LV-2F Burner II   Vandenberg SLC-10W   US Air Force
  OPS 5268 (DAPP-5A F-3) US Air Force Low Earth Weather In orbit Successful
  Calsphere 3 (NRL PL-170A) NRL Low Earth Calibration 17 October 1989 Successful
  Calsphere 4 (NRL PL-170B) NRL Low Earth Calibration 20 September 1989 Successful
  Calsphere 5 (NRL PL-170C) NRL Low Earth Calibration 7 January 1990 Successful
17 February
20:04:30 		  Thorad SLV-2H Agena-D   Vandenberg SLC-3W   US Air Force
  KH-4B No.1113 NRO Intended: Low Earth Optical imaging +18 seconds Launch failure
Engine failure due to chain of malfunctions caused by fuel additive loading error
17 February
21:09[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/1  
  Kosmos 395 (Tselina-OM) Low Earth ELINT 6 April 1980 Successful
18 February
13:59[1] 		  Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/3  
  Kosmos 396 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 3 March[3] Successful
20 February
03:33 		  Black Brant IVA   Churchill   NRC
  NRC Suborbital Auroral/Ionospheric 20 February Successful
25 February
01:13 		  Black Brant VB   Wallops Island   NASA
  NASA Suborbital Aeronomy 25 February Successful
25 February
11:11[9] 		  Tsyklon-2   Baikonur 90/19  
  Kosmos 397 (IS-A) Initial: Low Earth
Final: Medium Earth 		ASAT test In orbit Successful
Intercepted and destroyed Kosmos 394
26 February
05:06[1] 		  Soyuz-L   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 398 (LK T2K No.2) Deployed: Low Earth
Final: Medium Earth 		Test flight 10 December 1995[3] Successful
28 February
20:10 		  Black Brant III   Churchill   NRC
  NRC Suborbital Aeronomy 28 February Successful

March edit

3 March
06:52 		  Black Brant IVA   Churchill   NRC
  NRC Suborbital Auroral 3 March Successful
3 March
09:30[1] 		  Voskhod   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 399 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 17 March[3] Successful
3 March
12:15[6] 		  Long March 1   Jiuquan LA-2A  
  Shijian 1 Low Earth Technology 17 June 1979 Successful
5 March
08:15:02[4] 		  Kosmos-2I   Kapustin Yar 86/4  
  DS-P1-Yu No.39 Intended: Low Earth Calibration +133 seconds Launch failure
Second stage malfunction, failed to orbit[10]
5 March[1]   Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/4  
  Zenit-2M[7] Intended: Low Earth Optical imaging 5 March[3] Launch failure
  Nauka 2KS No.3[6] Intended: Low Earth
13 March
16:15:00 		  Delta M6   Cape Kennedy LC-17A  
  Explorer 43 (IMP-6) NASA Highly elliptical Gamma-ray astronomy 2 October 1974 Successful
Only flight of Delta M6
18 March
21:45:00[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/1  
  Kosmos 400 (DS-P1-M No.3) Low Earth ASAT target 4 April
(destroyed)		 Successful
Destroyed by Kosmos 402, debris still in orbit
20 March
03:24 		  Black Brant II   Churchill   NRC
  NRC Suborbital Test flight
Auroral/Ionospheric		 20 March Successful
21 March
03:45 		  Titan III(33)B   Vandenberg SLC-4W   US Air Force
  OPS 4788 (Jumpseat) NRO Molniya ELINT In orbit Successful
Maiden flight of Titan III(33)B, first Jumpseat satellite
24 March
20:10 		  Black Brant VC   Churchill   AFCRL
  AFCRL Suborbital Auroral/Aeronomy 24 March Successful
24 March
21:05 		  Thorad SLV-2H Agena-D   Vandenberg SLC-3W   US Air Force
  OPS 5300 (KH-4B No.1115) NRO Low Earth Optical imaging 12 April
27 March
10:59[1] 		  Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/3  
  Kosmos 401 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 9 April[3] Successful

April edit

1 April
02:57:07 		  Delta E1   Vandenberg SLC-2E  
   ISIS 2 CSA/NASA Low Earth Ionospheric In orbit Successful
Final flight of Delta E1
1 April
11:29[9] 		  Tsyklon-2   Baikonur 90/20  
  Kosmos 402 (US-A) Low Earth Ocean surveillance 6 May Successful
2 April
08:20[1] 		  Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/3  
  Kosmos 403 (Zenit-2M)[7] Low Earth Optical imaging 14 April[3] Successful
4 April
14:27[9] 		  Tsyklon-2   Baikonur 90/19  
  Kosmos 404 (IS-A) Low Earth ASAT test 4 April Successful
Intercepted and destroyed Kosmos 400
5 April   Atlas E/F   Vandenberg ABRES A-1   US Air Force
  LAR-1 US Air Force Suborbital REV test 5 April Successful
7 April
07:10[1] 		  Vostok-2M   Plesetsk 43/4  
  Kosmos 405 (Tselina-D)[11] Low Earth ELINT 3 November 2023
03:27[12]		 Successful
14 April
08:00[1] 		  Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/4  
  Kosmos 406 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 24 April[3] Successful
15 April
09:19 		  Diamant B   Kourou ALD   CNES
  Tournesol CNES Low Earth Ionospheric 28 January 1980 Successful
17 April
11:44:58[1] 		  Vostok-2M   Plesetsk 43/4  
  Meteor 1-08 (Meteor-M)[5][6] Sun-synchronous Weather 10 January 1991[3] Successful
19 April
01:40:00[13] 		  Proton-K   Baikonur 81/24  
  Salyut 1 Low Earth Space station 11 October[3] Successful
First space station, visited by two crews. First crew failed to dock, second killed after departure
22 April
15:30 		  Titan III(23)B   Vandenberg SLC-4W   US Air Force
  OPS 7899 (Gambit-3 4331) NRO Low Earth Optical imaging 13 May Successful
  OPS 7899 SRV-1 NRO Low Earth Film return April/May Successful
  OPS 7899 SRV-2 NRO Low Earth Film return May Successful
Final flight of Titan III(23)B
22 April
23:54:06[1] 		  Soyuz   Baikonur 1/5  
  Soyuz 10 Low Earth (Salyut 1) Crewed 24 April
23:40:00[14]		 Spacecraft failure
Crewed flight with three cosmonauts. First mission to dock with a space station, aborted after spacecraft failed to achieve hard dock with Salyut 1
23 April
11:30[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/1  
  Kosmos 407 (Strela-2M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
24 April
07:32:29 		  Scout B   San Marco mobile range, Kenya   CRS
   San Marco 3 CRS / NASA Low Earth Atmospheric 29 November Successful
24 April
11:15:02[4] 		  Kosmos-2I   Plesetsk 133/1  
  Kosmos 408 (DS-P1-Yu No.37) Low Earth Calibration 29 December[3] Successful
28 April
14:35[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/1  
  Kosmos 409 (Sfera) Low Earth Geodesy In orbit Successful

May edit

5 May
07:43:01 		  Titan III(23)C   Cape Kennedy LC-40   US Air Force
  OPS 3811 (DSP SVN-3/IMEWS-2) US Air Force Geosynchronous Missile defence In orbit Successful
6 May
06:20[1] 		  Voskhod   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 410 (Zenit-2M)[7] Low Earth Optical imaging 18 May[3] Successful
  Nauka 8KS No.1[6] Low Earth 25 May[3] Successful
7 May
14:20[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/1  
  Kosmos 411 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
  Kosmos 412 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
  Kosmos 413 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
  Kosmos 414 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
  Kosmos 415 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
  Kosmos 416 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
  Kosmos 417 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
  Kosmos 418 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
9 May
01:11:02 		  Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D   Cape Kennedy LC-36A  
  Mariner 8 NASA Intended: Areocentric Mars orbiter 9 May Launch failure
Upper stage thrust vectoring failed due to gyroscope malfunction, failed to orbit
10 May
16:58:42[13] 		  Proton-K/D   Baikonur 81/23  
  Kosmos 419 (Mars 3MS No.170) Intended: Areocentric
Achieved: Low Earth 		Mars orbiter 12 May[3] Launch failure
Blok D failed to ignite due to programming error; coast phase incorrectly entered in years instead of hours[15]
18 May
08:00[1] 		  Voskhod   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 420 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 29 May[3] Successful
19 May
10:20:00[4] 		  Kosmos-2I   Plesetsk 133/1  
  Kosmos 421 (DS-P1-Yu No.48) Low Earth Calibration 8 November[3] Successful
19 May
16:22:44[13] 		  Proton-K/D   Baikonur 81/24  
  Mars 2 orbiter Areocentric Mars orbiter In orbit Successful
  Mars 2 lander Heliocentric Mars lander 27 November Spacecraft failure
Lander failed to achieve soft landing, instead impacting the planet[15]
22 May
00:51[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/1  
  Kosmos 422 (Tsyklon) Low Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
27 May
11:59:55[4] 		  Kosmos-2I   Plesetsk 133/1  
  Kosmos 423 (DS-P1-Yu No.47) Low Earth Calibration 26 November[3] Successful
28 May
10:30[1] 		  Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/4  
  Kosmos 424 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 10 June[3] Successful
28 May
15:26:30[13] 		  Proton-K/D   Baikonur 81/23  
  Mars 3 orbiter Areocentric Mars orbiter In orbit Successful
  Mars 3 lander Heliocentric Mars lander 2 December Spacecraft failure
Lander failed 20 seconds after landing[15]
29 May
03:49[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/1  
  Kosmos 425 (Tselina-OM) Low Earth ELINT 15 January 1980 Successful
30 May
22:23:04 		  Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D   Cape Kennedy LC-36B  
  Mariner 9 NASA Areocentric Mars orbiter In orbit Successful
First spacecraft to orbit Mars upon orbital insertion on 14 November. Deactivated on 27 October 1972

June edit

4 June
18:10:00[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/2  
  Kosmos 426 (DS-U2-K No.1) Low Earth Magnetospheric 11 May 2002[3] Successful
Ceased operations on 12 January 1972
6 June
04:55:09[1] 		  Soyuz   Baikonur 1/5  
  Soyuz 11 Low Earth (Salyut 1) Crewed 29 June
23:16:52[16]		 Spacecraft failure
Crewed flight with three cosmonauts. First mission to occupy a space station, and only mission to occupy Salyut 1. Crew killed by depressurisation of spacecraft during reentry
7 June
05:26 		  Black Brant IVA   Churchill   AFCRL
  AFCRL Suborbital Ionospheric 7 June Successful
8 June
14:00:05 		  Thor LV-2F Burner II   Vandenberg SLC-10W   US Air Force
  SESP-1 (P70-1) US Air Force/STP Low Earth Technology 31 January 1982 Successful
Final flight of Thor LV-2F Burner II
11 June
10:00[1] 		  Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/4  
  Kosmos 427 (Zenit-4MK)[17] Low Earth Optical imaging 23 June[3] Successful
15 June
18:41 		  Titan III(23)D   Vandenberg SLC-4E   US Air Force
  OPS 8709 (Hexagon 1201) NRO Low Earth Optical imaging 6 August Successful
  OPS 8709 SRV-1 NRO Low Earth Film return 20 June[18] Partial spacecraft failure
  OPS 8709 SRV-2 NRO Low Earth Film return 26 June[19] Successful
  OPS 8709 SRV-3 NRO Low Earth Film return 10 July[19] Spacecraft failure
  OPS 8709 SRV-4 NRO Low Earth Film return 15 July[19] Successful
Maiden flight of Titan IIID, first Hexagon satellite. SRV-1 recovered from water, SRV-3 lost due to parachute failure
20 June
22:45 		  LGM-25C Titan II   Vandenberg LC-395C   US Air Force
  SSTTP M1-17 US Air Force Suborbital Target 20 June Successful
24 June
07:59[1] 		  Voskhod   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 428 (Zenit-2M)[7] Low Earth Optical imaging 6 July[3] Successful
  Nauka 1KS No.4[6] Low Earth 13 July[3] Successful
25 June   Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/3  
  Zenit-4M[2] Intended: Low Earth Optical imaging 25 June[3] Launch failure
26 June
23:15:08[6] 		  N1   Baikonur 110/37  
  Soyuz 7K-LOK mockup Intended: Highly elliptical Test flight +51 seconds Launch failure
  LK mockup Intended: Highly elliptical Test flight
Loss of roll control, vehicle disintegrated at max Q
29 June
10:12 		  Atlas E/F-Trident   Vandenberg ABRES A-3   US Air Force
  RVTO-2A-3 US Air Force Suborbital REV test 29 June Successful

July edit

8 July
22:58:00 		  Scout B   Wallops LA-3A   NASA
  Explorer 44 (Solrad 10) NASA Low Earth Solar 15 December 1979 Successful
16 July
01:41:36[1] 		  Vostok-2M   Plesetsk 43/4  
  Meteor 1-09 (Meteor-M)[5][6] Sun-synchronous Weather 27 August 1991[3] Successful
16 July
10:50 		  Thorad SLV-2H Agena-D   Vandenberg SLC-1W   US Air Force
  OPS 8373 ("Heavy Ferret") NRO Low Earth ELINT 31 August 1978 Successful
20 July
10:00[1] 		  Voskhod   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 429 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 2 August[3] Successful
21 July
16:00 		  Black Brant VC   Wallops Island   NASA
  NASA Suborbital Test flight 21 July Launch failure
22 July   Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/2  
  Tselina-OM Intended: Low Earth ELINT 22 July Launch failure
Failed to orbit
23 July
11:00[1] 		  Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/3  
  Kosmos 430 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 5 August[3] Successful
26 July
13:34 		  Saturn V   Kennedy LC-39A   NASA
  Apollo 15 CSM NASA Selenocentric Lunar orbiter 7 August
20:45:53		 Successful
  Apollo 15 LM NASA Selenocentric Lunar lander 30 July
22:16:29		 Successful
  PFS-1 NASA Selenocentric Magnetospheric 1974 Successful
Crewed flight with three astronauts, fourth crewed lunar landing and first use of Lunar Roving Vehicle, subsatellite deployed on 4 August at 20:13 UTC
28 July
03:29[1] 		  Molniya-M/ML   Plesetsk 43/4  
  Molniya 1-18[20] Molniya Communications 19 July 1977[3] Successful
30 July
08:29[1] 		  Voskhod   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 431 (Zenit-2M)[7] Low Earth Optical imaging 11 August[3] Successful

August edit

3 August
11:00:00[4] 		  Kosmos-2I   Plesetsk 133/1  
  DS-P1-Yu No.33 Intended: Low Earth Calibration +204 seconds Launch failure
Second stage malfunction, failed to orbit[10]
5 August
10:00[1] 		  Voskhod   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 432 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 18 August[3] Successful
7 August
00:11 		  Atlas E/F-OV1-PM   Vandenberg BMRS-A2   US Air Force
  OV1-20 US Air Force Low Earth Ionospheric 29 August Successful
  OV1-21 US Air Force Low Earth Ionospheric 29 August Successful
  LOADS-2 US Air Force Low Earth Air density 31 January 1972 Successful
  RTDS US Air Force Low Earth Air density 19 September Successful
  LCS 4 US Air Force Low Earth Air density In orbit Operational
  Gridsphere 1 (P70-2/AVL-802) US Air Force Low Earth Technology 2 November 1979 Successful
  Gridsphere 2 (P70-2/AVL-802) US Air Force Low Earth Technology 18 March 1979 Successful
  Gridsphere B (P70-2/AVL-802) US Air Force Low Earth Technology 11 June 1972 Successful
  Rigidsphere (P70-2/AVL-802) US Air Force Low Earth Air density 1 September 1981 Successful
Two OV1 satellites deployed by independent upper stages, LOADS-2 shared upper stage with OV1-20, other payloads shared with OV1-21. All payloads passive other than OV1s.
8 August
23:45[9] 		  R-36OM   Baikonur 191/66  
  Kosmos 433 (OGCh) Low Earth FOBS test 9 August Successful
Final flight of R-36OM, and FOBS programme
12 August
05:30[1] 		  Soyuz-L   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 434 (LK T2K No.3) Deployed: Low Earth
Final: Medium Earth 		Test flight 23 August 1981[3] Successful
Final flight of Soyuz-L
12 August
15:30 		  Titan III(24)B   Vandenberg SLC-4W   US Air Force
  OPS 8607 (Gambit-3 4332) NRO Low Earth Optical imaging 3 September Successful
  OPS 8607 SRV-1 NRO Low Earth Film return August Successful
  OPS 8607 SRV-2 NRO Low Earth Film return September Successful
Maiden flight of Titan III(24)B
16 August
18:39:00 		  Scout B-1   Wallops LA-3A   NASA
  Eole CNES Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Maiden flight of Scout B-1
19 August   Voskhod   Baikonur 31/6  
  Zenit-4M[2] Intended: Low Earth Optical imaging 19 August Launch failure
Failed to achieve orbit
27 August
10:54:56[4] 		  Kosmos-2I   Plesetsk 133/1  
  Kosmos 435 (DS-P1-Yu No.41) Low Earth Calibration 28 January 1972[3] Successful
28 August
02:22 		  LGM-25C Titan II   Vandenberg LC-395C   US Air Force
  SSTTP M2-1 US Air Force Suborbital Target 28 August Successful

September edit

1 September   Atlas E/F   Vandenberg BMRS A-1   US Air Force
  LAR-2 US Air Force Suborbital REV test 1 September Successful
2 September
13:40:40[13] 		  Proton-K/D   Baikonur 81/24  
  Luna 18 Highly elliptical Lunar sample return 11 September Spacecraft failure
Failed to achieve soft landing, instead impacting the moon[21]
4 September
13:52 		  Black Brant IIIB   Resolute Bay   NASA
  NASA Suborbital Plasma physics 4 September Successful
5 September
13:44 		  Black Brant IIIB   Resolute Bay   NASA
  NASA Suborbital Plasma physics 5 September Successful
7 September
01:15[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/2  
  Kosmos 436 (Tselina-OM) Low Earth ELINT 4 January 1980 Successful
10 September
03:37[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/2  
  Kosmos 437 (Tselina-OM) Low Earth ELINT 29 March 1980 Successful
10 September
21:33 		  Thorad SLV-2H Agena-D   Vandenberg SLC-3W   US Air Force
  OPS 5454 (KH-4B No.1115) NRO Low Earth Optical imaging 5 October
  OPS 7681 (EHH-B) NRO Low Earth ELINT 3 February 1976
10 September   Dongfeng 5   Jiuquan LA-2B  
  Suborbital Test flight 10 September Successful
Maiden flight of Dongfeng 5
14 September
13:00[1] 		  Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/4  
  Kosmos 438 (Zenit-4MK)[17] Low Earth Optical imaging 23 June[3] Successful
21 September
12:00[1] 		  Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/3  
  Kosmos 439 (Zenit-2M)[7] Low Earth Optical imaging 2 October[3] Successful
24 September
10:30:00[4] 		  Kosmos-2I   Plesetsk 133/1  
  Kosmos 440 (DS-P1-I No.11) Low Earth Radar target 29 October 1972[3] Successful
28 September
04:00:00 		  Mu-3S   Kagoshima LA-M   ISAS
  Shinsei ISAS Low Earth Solar
Ionospheric		 In orbit Successful
28 September
07:40[1] 		  Voskhod   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 441 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 10 October[3] Successful
28 September
10:00:22[13] 		  Proton-K/D   Baikonur 81/24  
  Luna 19 Selenocentric Lunar orbiter In orbit Successful
29 September
09:45:00 		  Delta N   Cape Kennedy LC-17A  
  OSO-7 NASA Low Earth Solar 9 July 1974 Successful
  TETR-4 NASA Low Earth Tracking target 19 September 1978 Successful
29 September
11:30[1] 		  Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/3  
  Kosmos 442 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 12 October[3] Successful

October edit

7 October
12:30[1] 		  Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/3  
  Kosmos 443 (Zenit-2M)[7] Low Earth Optical imaging 19 October[3] Successful
  Nauka 8KS No.2[6] Low Earth 30 October Successful
13 October
13:41[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/2  
  Kosmos 444 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
  Kosmos 445 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
  Kosmos 446 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
  Kosmos 447 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
  Kosmos 448 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
  Kosmos 449 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
  Kosmos 450 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
  Kosmos 451 (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
14 October
07:51:17 		  Thor LV-2F Burner IIA   Vandenberg SLC-10W   US Air Force
  OPS 4311 (DAPP-5B F-1) US Air Force Low Earth Weather In orbit Successful
Maiden flight of Thor LV-2F Burner IIA
14 October
09:00[1] 		  Voskhod   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 452 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 27 October[3] Successful
17 October
13:36 		  Thorad SLV-2G Agena-D   Vandenberg SLC-1W   US Air Force
  ASTEX (P71-2) STP Low Earth Technology In orbit Successful
19 October
12:40:01[4] 		  Kosmos-2I   Plesetsk 133/1  
  Kosmos 453 (DS-P1-Yu No.44) Low Earth Calibration 19 March 1972[3] Successful
21 October
11:32:00 		  Delta N6   Vandenberg SLC-2E  
  ITOS-B NOAA Intended: Low Earth Weather 21 October Launch failure
Final flight of Delta N6, oxidiser leak led to premature second stage cutoff. Debris reached orbit, however payload did not
23 October
17:01 		  Titan III(24)B   Vandenberg SLC-4W   US Air Force
  OPS 7616 (Gambit-3 4333) NRO Low Earth Optical imaging 17 November Successful
  OPS 7616 SRV-1 NRO Low Earth Film return October/November Successful
  OPS 7616 SRV-2 NRO Low Earth Film return November Successful
28 October
04:09:29 		  Black Arrow   Woomera LA-5B   RAE
  Prospero (X-3) RAE Low Earth Technology In orbit Successful
First and only successful British orbital launch, final flight of Black Arrow and last orbital launch from Woomera

November edit

2 November
14:25[1] 		  Voskhod   Plesetsk 41/1  
  Kosmos 454 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 16 November[3] Successful
3 November
03:09:06 		  Titan III(23)C   Cape Kennedy LC-40   US Air Force
  OPS 3431 (DSCS II A1) US Air Force Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
  OPS 9432 (DSCS II A2) US Air Force Geosynchronous Communications In orbit  
5 November
13:00 		  Europa II   Kourou BEC   ELDO
  STV-4 ELDO Intended: Geosynchronous transfer Technology 5 November Launch failure
Third stage structural failure. Only flight of Europa II, and final flight of Europa family. Final launch conducted by ELDO, first launch from BEC (later ELA-1 and ELV)
15 November
05:52:00 		  Scout B   San Marco mobile range, Kenya   CRS
  Explorer 45 (SSS-A) NASA Medium Earth Magnetospheric 10 January 1992 Successful
Final flight of Scout B
17 November
11:09:48[4] 		  Kosmos-2I   Plesetsk 133/1  
  Kosmos 455 (DS-P1-Yu No.54) Low Earth Calibration 9 April 1972[3] Successful
19 November
12:00[1] 		  Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/3  
  Kosmos 456 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 2 December[3] Successful
20 November
18:00[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/2  
  Kosmos 457 (Sfera) Low Earth Geodesy In orbit Successful
24 November
09:30[1] 		  Molniya-M/ML   Plesetsk 43/4  
  Molniya 2-01[22] Molniya Communications 10 May 1976[3] Successful
29 November
10:09:56[4] 		  Kosmos-2I   Plesetsk 133/1  
  Kosmos 458 (DS-P1-Yu No.53) Low Earth Calibration 20 April 1972[3] Successful
29 November
17:30:00[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/1  
  Kosmos 459 (DS-P1-M No.5) Low Earth ASAT target 3 December
(destroyed)		 Successful
Destroyed by Kosmos 462
30 November
16:39[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/2  
  Kosmos 460 (Tselina-OM) Low Earth ELINT 5 March 1980 Successful

December edit

2 December
08:25:14[4] 		  Kosmos-2I   Kapustin Yar 86/4  
  Interkosmos 5 (DS-U2-IK No.2) Low Earth 7 April 1972[3] Successful
2 December
17:30:01[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/1  
  Kosmos 461 (DS-U2-MT No.1) Low Earth Micrometeoroid detection
gamma-ray astronomy		 21 February 1979[3] Successful
Ceased operations on 14 December 1972
3 December
13:19[9] 		  Tsyklon-2   Baikonur 90/19  
  Kosmos 462 (IS-A) Low Earth ASAT test 4 April 1975 Successful
Intercepted and destroyed Kosmos 459
3 December   Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/4  
  Zenit-2M[7] Intended: Low Earth Optical imaging 3 December[3] Launch failure
  Nauka 5KS No.2[6] Intended: Low Earth
4 December
22:33 		  Atlas SLV-3A Agena-D   Cape Kennedy LC-13   US Air Force
  Canyon US Air Force Intended: Geosynchronous ELINT 4 December Launch failure
First stage malfunctioned, failed to orbit
5 December
16:20 		  Diamant B   Kourou ALD   CNES
  Polaire CNES Intended: Low Earth Ionospheric 5 December Launch failure
Second stage malfunction, failed to orbit
6 December
09:50[1] 		  Voskhod   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 463 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 11 December[3] Successful
10 December
11:00[1] 		  Voskhod   Plesetsk 43/3  
  Kosmos 464 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 16 December[3] Successful
11 December
20:47:01 		  Scout B-1   Vandenberg SLC-5   NASA
  Ariel 4 SRC Low Earth Ionospheric 12 December 1978 Successful
14 December
12:13 		  Thorad SLV-2G Agena-D   Vandenberg SLC-1W   US Air Force
  OPS 7898 Payload 1 (Poppy) NRO Low Earth ELINT In orbit Successful
  OPS 7898 Payload 2 NRO Low Earth ELINT In orbit Successful
  OPS 7898 Payload 3 NRO Low Earth ELINT In orbit Successful
  OPS 7898 Payload 4 NRO Low Earth ELINT In orbit Successful
Final flight of Thorad SLV-2G Agena-D
15 December
04:31[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/2  
  Kosmos 465 (Tsyklon) Low Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
16 December
09:39[1] 		  Voskhod   Baikonur 31/6  
  Kosmos 466 (Zenit-4M)[2] Low Earth Optical imaging 18 August[3] Successful
17 December
10:39:58[4] 		  Kosmos-2I   Plesetsk 133/1  
  Kosmos 467 (DS-P1-Yu No.45) Low Earth Calibration 18 April 1972[3] Successful
17 December
13:00[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/2  
  Kosmos 468 (Strela-2M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
19 December
22:50[1] 		  Molniya-M/ML   Plesetsk 41/1  
  Molniya 1-19[20] Molniya Communications 13 April 1977[3] Successful
20 December
01:10:04 		  Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D   Cape Kennedy LC-36A  
  Intelsat IV F-3 Intelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
25 December
11:30[9] 		  Tsyklon-2   Baikonur 90/20  
  Kosmos 469 (US-A) Low Earth Ocean surveillance 9 February 1972 Successful
BES-5 nuclear reactor ejected, and remains in orbit
27 December
14:04[1] 		  Soyuz-M   Plesetsk 43/4  
  Kosmos 470 (Zenit-4MT) Low Earth Optical imaging 6 January 1972[3] Successful
Maiden flight of Soyuz-M
27 December
19:00:00[8] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk 132/2  
   Oreol 1 (DS-U2-GKA No.1) OKB-586/CNES Medium Earth Magnetospheric In orbit Successful
29 December
10:50:01[1] 		  Vostok-2M   Plesetsk 41/1  
  Meteor 1-10 (Meteor-MV)[5][6] Sun-synchronous Weather In orbit Successful

Launches from the Moon edit

Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload
(⚀ = CubeSat) 		Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
6 February
18:48 		  Lunar Module Ascent Stage Fra Mauro (Luna)   NASA
  Apollo 14 LM NASA Selenocentric (CSM) Crewed 7 February
00:46		 Successful
Carrying two astronauts back to CSM after lunar landing
2 August
17:11 		  Lunar Module Ascent Stage Hadley-Apennine (Luna)   NASA
  Apollo 15 LM NASA Selenocentric (CSM) Crewed 3 August
03:04		 Successful
Carrying two astronauts back to CSM after lunar landing

Deep space rendezvous in 1971 edit

Date (UTC) Spacecraft Event Remarks
4 February Apollo 14 Entered selenocentric orbit
5 February
09:18:11 		Apollo 14 LM Landing on the Moon Landed in Fra Mauro region, returned 43 kg of rocks
29 July Apollo 15 Entered selenocentric orbit
30 July
22:16:29 		Apollo 15 LM Landing on the Moon; first crewed lunar rover Landed in Hadley Rille region, returned 77 kg of rocks
11 September Luna 18 Impacted the Moon In Mare Fecunditatis, failed lander
3 October Luna 19 Entered selenocentric orbit
14 November Mariner 9 Entered areocentric orbit First orbiter of Mars and of another planet
27 November Mars 2 orbiter Entered areocentric orbit
Mars 2 lander First Mars impact Failed soft lander
27 November Mars 3 orbiter Entered areocentric orbit
Mars 3 lander First soft landing on Mars

EVAs edit

Start Date/Time Duration End Time Spacecraft Crew Remarks
5 February
14:42 		4 hours
48 minutes[23] 		19:30 Apollo 14
Apollo LM-8 Antares 		 Alan Shepard
 Edgar Mitchell 		Shepard and Mitchell deployed several experiments on the lunar surface near the landing site, such as the Solar Wind Composition Experiment and the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP). The crew also took a contingency sample and planted a U.S. flag at the site.[24]
6 February
8:11 		4 hours
34 minutes 		12:45 Apollo 14
Apollo LM-8 Antares 		 Alan Shepard
 Edgar Mitchell 		Planned as a traverse to Cone Crater, however the astronauts were unable to find the rim of the crater amid rolling terrain. The crew also took panoramic pictures and set up additional experiments. Shepard famously hit a golf ball on the lunar surface, using a six iron golf club head attached to the handle of an excavation tool.
31 July
00:16 		33 minutes 00:49 Apollo 15
Apollo LM-10 Falcon 		 David Scott Scott stood on the lander's ascent engine cover to survey the landing site through the vehicle's docking hatch and take panoramic photography.
31 July
13:13 		6 hours
32 minutes[25] 		19:45 Apollo 15
Apollo LM-10 Falcon 		 David Scott
 James Irwin 		Scott and Irwin visited Elbow Crater near the rim of Hadley Rille using the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV), marking the first time humans traveled in a wheeled vehicle on another world. The crew also deployed an ALSEP on their return to the landing site.[26]
1 August
11:48 		7 hours
12 minutes 		19:01 Apollo 15
Apollo LM-10 Falcon 		 David Scott
 James Irwin 		Scott and Irwin drove the LRV 12.5 miles along the base of the Apennine Mountains, visiting several craters, collecting samples and taking panoramic photography. The crew also took a deep core sample of lunar soil and planted a U.S. flag.
2 August
08:52 		4 hours
49 minutes 		13:42 Apollo 15
Apollo LM-10 Falcon 		 David Scott
 James Irwin 		Scott and Irwin traveled to Scarp Crater then northwest along the rille, collecting samples. The crew also retrieved the core sample drilled during the previous EVA.
5 August
15:31 		39 minutes 16:10 Apollo 15
Apollo CSM-112 Endeavour 		 Alfred Worden
 James Irwin 		First spacewalk in deep space, conducted during the return trip to Earth. Worden retrieved exposed film from the Scientific Instrument Module (SIM) bay of the Service Module, while Irwin stood in the hatch.

Orbital launch summary edit

By country edit

 
  China (PRC)
  Europe
  France
  Japan
  Soviet Union
  United Kingdom
  United States
Orbital launch attempts by country in 1971
Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures 		Remarks
  Europe 1 0 1 0
  France 2 1 1 0
  Japan 2 2 0 0
  People's Republic of China 1 1 0 0
  Soviet Union 91 82 9 0
  United Kingdom 1 1 0 0 Last and only successful launch
  United States 35 31 4 0

By rocket edit

By family edit

Family Country Launches Successes Failures Partial failures Remarks
Atlas   United States 6 4 2 0
Black Arrow   United Kingdom 1 1 0 0 Final flight
Diamant   France 2 1 1 0
Europa   Europe 1 0 1 0 Final flight
Kosmos (R-12/14)   Soviet Union 34 31 3 0
Long March   People's Republic of China 1 1 0 0
Mu   Japan 2 2 0 0
N   Soviet Union 1 0 1 0
R-7   Soviet Union 44 40 4 0
R-36   Soviet Union 6 6 0 0
Saturn   United States 2 2 0 0
Titan   United States 8 8 0 0
Thor   United States 14 12 2 0
Scout   United States 5 5 0 0
Universal Rocket   Soviet Union 6 5 1 0

By type edit

Rocket Country Family Launches Successes Failures Partial failures Remarks
Atlas E/F   United States Atlas 1 1 0 0
Atlas-Agena   United States Atlas 1 0 1 0
Atlas-Centaur   United States Atlas 4 3 1 0
Black Arrow   United Kingdom Black Arrow 1 1 0 0 Final flight
Diamant B   France Diamant 2 1 1 0
Delta   United States Delta 5 4 1 0
Europa   Europe Europa 1 0 1 0 Final flight
Kosmos-2   Soviet Union Kosmos 14 12 2 0
Kosmos-3   Soviet Union Kosmos 20 19 1 0
Long March 1   People's Republic of China Long March 1 1 0 0
Molniya   Soviet Union R-7 3 3 0 0
Mu-3   Japan Mu 2 2 0 0
N1   Soviet Union N 1 0 1 0
Proton   Soviet Union Universal Rocket 3 3 0 0
R-36OM   Soviet Union R-36 1 1 0 0 Final flight
Saturn V   United States Saturn 2 2 0 0
Scout B   United States Scout 5 5 0 0
Soyuz   Soviet Union R-7 5 5 0 0
Thor-Burner   United States Thor 3 3 0 0
Thorad-Agena   United States Thor 6 5 1 0
Titan IIIB   United States Titan 5 5 0 0
Titan IIIC   United States Titan 2 2 0 0
Titan IIID   United States Titan 1 1 0 0 Maiden flight
Tsyklon   Soviet Union R-36 5 5 0 0
Voskhod   Soviet Union R-7 31 27 4 0
Vostok   Soviet Union R-7 5 5 0 0

By configuration edit

Rocket Country Type Launches Successes Failures Partial failures Remarks
Atlas E/F-OV1-PM   United States Atlas E/F 1 1 0 0
Atlas SLV-3A Agena-D   United States Atlas-Agena 1 0 1 0
Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D   United States Atlas-Centaur 4 3 1 0
Black Arrow   United Kingdom Black Arrow 1 1 0 0 Final flight
Diamant B   France Diamant B 2 1 1 0
Delta E1   United States Delta 1 1 0 0 Final flight
Delta M   United States Delta 1 1 0 0 Final flight
Delta M6   United States Delta 1 1 0 0 Only flight
Delta N   United States Delta 1 1 0 0
Delta N6   United States Delta 1 0 1 0 Final flight
Europa II   Europe Europa 1 0 1 0 Only flight
Kosmos-2I   Soviet Union Kosmos-2 14 12 2 0
Kosmos-3M   Soviet Union Kosmos-3 20 19 1 0
Long March 1   People's Republic of China Long March 1 1 0 0 Final flight
Molniya-M/ML   Soviet Union Molniya 3 3 0 0
Mu-3S   Japan Mu-3 2 2 0 0
N1   Soviet Union N1 1 0 1 0
Proton-K   Soviet Union Proton 1 1 0 0
Proton-K/D   Soviet Union Proton 5 4 1 0
R-36OM   Soviet Union R-36O 1 1 0 0 Final flight
Saturn V   United States Saturn V 2 2 0 0
Scout B   United States Scout B 3 3 0 0
Scout B-1   United States Scout B 2 2 0 0
Soyuz   Soviet Union Soyuz 2 2 0 0
Soyuz-L   Soviet Union Soyuz 2 2 0 0 Final flight
Soyuz-M   Soviet Union Soyuz 1 1 0 0 Maiden flight
Thor LV-2F Burner II   United States Thor-Burner 2 2 0 0 Final flight
Thor LV-2F Burner IIA   United States Thor-Burner 1 1 0 0 Maiden flight
Thorad SLV-2G Agena-D   United States Thorad-Agena 2 2 0 0 Final flight
Thorad SLV-2H Agena-D   United States Thorad-Agena 4 3 1 0
Titan III(23)B   United States Titan III 2 2 0 0 Final flight
Titan III(24)B   United States Titan III 2 2 0 0 Maiden flight
Titan III(33)B   United States Titan III 1 1 0 0 Maiden flight
Titan III(23)C   United States Titan III 2 2 0 0
Titan III(23)D   United States Titan III 1 1 0 0 Maiden flight
Tsyklon-2   Soviet Union Tsyklon 5 5 0 0
Voskhod   Soviet Union Voskhod 31 27 4 0
Vostok-2M   Soviet Union Vostok 5 5 0 0

By launch site edit

Site Country Launches Successes Failures Partial failures Remarks
Cape Kennedy   United States 10 5 2 0
Baikonur   Soviet Union 31 28 3 0
Jiuquan   People's Republic of China 1 1 0 0
Kapustin Yar   Soviet Union 2 1 1 0
Kennedy   United States 2 2 0 0
Kagoshima   Japan 2 2 0 0
Kourou   France 3 1 2 0
Plesetsk   Soviet Union 58 53 5 0
San Marco   Kenya 2 2 0 0 Operated by Italy
Vandenberg   United States 19 17 2 0
Wallops   United States 2 2 0 0
Woomera   Australia 1 1 0 0 Final orbital launch

By orbit edit

Orbital regime Launches Achieved Not Achieved Accidentally
achieved 		Remarks
Failed to orbit 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 12
Low Earth 109 100 9 1 Two to Salyut 1
Medium Earth 2 2 0 0
Geosynchronous/transfer 7 5 2
High Earth 10 9 1 0 Including highly elliptical and Molniya orbits and trans-lunar trajectories.
Heliocentric 5 3 2 0

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao McDowell, Jonathan. "R-7". Orbital and Suborbital Launch Database. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Krebs, Gunter. "Zenit-4M (Rotor, 11F691)". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n McDowell, Jonathan. "R-12". Orbital and Suborbital Launch Database. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  5. ^ a b c d Krebs, Gunter. "Meteor-1". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Krebs, Gunter. "Zenit-2M (Gektor, 11F690)". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s McDowell, Jonathan. "R-14". Orbital and Suborbital Launch Database. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d e f McDowell, Jonathan. "R-36". Orbital and Suborbital Launch Database. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  10. ^ a b Wade, Mark. "Kosmos 11K63". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  11. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Tselina-D (11F619, Ikar)". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  12. ^ Jonathan McDowell [@planet4589] (3 November 2023). "One of the first Tselina-D elint satellites, launched in 1971 and codenamed Kosmos-405, reentered over the Pacific at 0327 UTC Nov 3 after 52.6 years in orbit" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  13. ^ a b c d e f McDowell, Jonathan. "Proton". Orbital and Suborbital Launch Database. Archived from the original on 5 September 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  14. ^ Anikeev, Alexander. "Spacecraft "Soyuz-10"". Crewed Astronautics: Figures and Facts. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  15. ^ a b c Wade, Mark. "Mars M-71". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  16. ^ Anikeev, Alexander. "Spacecraft "Soyuz-11"". Crewed Astronautics: Figures and Facts. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  17. ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Voskhod (11A57)". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  18. ^ The Hexagon Story (PDF), US National Reconnaissance Office, archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2012, retrieved 4 June 2012
  19. ^ a b c Perry, Robert (November 1973), A History of Satellite Reconnaissance (PDF), vol. IIIB, US National Reconnaissance Office, archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2012, retrieved 4 June 2012
  20. ^ a b Wade, Mark. "Molniya-1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  21. ^ Wade, Mark. "Luna Ye-8-5". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 25 February 2002. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  22. ^ Wade, Mark. "Molniya-2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  23. ^ "Apollo 14 Timeline". NASA. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  24. ^ "Apollo 14 Surface Operations Overview". Lunar and Planetary Institute. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  25. ^ "Apollo 15 Timeline". NASA. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  26. ^ "Apollo 15 Surface Operations Overview". Lunar and Planetary Institute. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.

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