Summary
The overthrow of the Qarmatians was an armed uprising by the Seljuk and Abbasid supported Uyunids against the ruling Qarmatian state. A local chief known as Abdullah bin Ali Al Uyuni aligned himself with the Abbasids and the Seljuk Empire,[1] and started an uprising with their support. Due to support from more powerful foreign powers, the Uyunids successfully revolted and liberated Eastern Arabia,[2] which significantly shifted the power dynamic of Eastern Arabia.
| Overthrow of the Qarmatians | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Qarmatians |
Caliphate Ghaznavid Empire Uyunid Emirate Abu al-Bahlul al-Awwam's forces (1058-1067) | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Abu Abdullah ibn Sanbar Yahya bin Abbas |
Tughril Alp Arslan Malik-Shah I Mahmud Ghaznavi Abdullah bin Ali Al Uyuni Abu al-Bahlul al-Awwam † | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 30,000 or less | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Heavy | Heavy | ||||||
Background edit
The Qarmatians were a radical Isma'ili Shia Muslim group,[3] that had established its power in the eastern Arabian Peninsula. The Qarmatians became known for their raiding of caravans going to pilgrimage to Mecca.[4] The Uyunids were a local Arab dynasty coming from the tribe of Bani Abd al-Qays. The chief of the dynasty Abdullah bin Ali sought help from Seljuks and Abbasids to combat Qarmatian rule in Eastern Arabia.
Abu al-Bahlul al-Awwam's revolt edit
Abu al-Bahlul al-Awwam was a guarantor of the Qarmatian state. Abu al-Bahlul later revolted in Bahrain, then crowned himself Emir of the island.[5] Despite that he was unable to beat the new leader of Qatif, Yahya bin Abbas, and it soon came under their control, killing Abu al-Bahlul in the process.[6]
Uyunid revolt edit
The Uyunids under Abdullah bin Ali revolted against Qarmatian rule with Seljuk support. He quickly conquered Awal and Qatif, and all that was left for him was the Qarmatian stronghold of Hofuf.[7] Seljuk and Uyunid forces marches down to Hofuf to take over the last part of land that was controlled by the Qarmatian state. They besieged the city for seven whole years, until it fell, the Qarmatian state fell with it, and the Uyunid Emirate was established, under the rule of Abdullah bin Ali.[8][9]
Decline of Qaramatians in Multan edit
By the mid-10th century, persecution forced the Qarmatians to leave what is now Egypt and Iraq and move to the city of Multan, now in Pakistan.[10] However, prejudice against the Qarmatians did not dwindle, as Mahmud of Ghazni led an expedition against Multan's Qarmatian ruler Abdul Fateh Daud in 1005. The city was surrendered, and Fateh Daud was permitted to retain control over the city with the condition that he adhere to Sunnism.[11]
Aftermath edit
The Uyunids stabilized and rebuilt their state and expanded it. It is theorized that the populations of Qatif, and Al-Hasa accepted Twelver Shi'ism during their reign.[12] The Uyunids reached their golden age under the rule of Abdullah bin Ali's son, Al-Fadl bin Abdullah. The Uyunids fell a while later to the Usfurids due to the poor rule of Mohammed bin Mas'ud. The Usfurids later fell to the Jarwanids of Qatif [citation needed] who later fell to the Jabrids.[13]
References edit
- ^ Bosworth, C. E. (2014-03-11). New Islamic Dynasties. Edinburgh University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7486-9648-2.
- ^ Larsen, Curtis E. (1983). Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society. University of Chicago Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-226-46905-8.
- ^ Inc, Merriam-Webster (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ Halm, Heinz (1991). Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden. p. 226.
- ^ Al-Khalifa, Shaikh Abdullah bin Khalid; Rice, Michael (2014-10-17). Bahrain Through The Ages: The History. Routledge. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-136-14650-3.
- ^ Larsen, Curtis E. (1983). Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society. University of Chicago Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-226-46905-8.
- ^ Larsen, Curtis E. (1982). Holocene Land Use Variations on the Bahrain Islands. University of Chicago. p. 81.
- ^ Larsen, Curtis E. (1982). Holocene Land Use Variations on the Bahrain Islands. University of Chicago. p. 81.
- ^ Larsen, Curtis E. (1983). Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society. University of Chicago Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-226-46905-8.
- ^ Glassé, Cyril. 2008. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek CA: AltaMira Press p. 369
- ^ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1980). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, Volume 1. Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9788120706170.
- ^ Nakash, Yitzhak (2011-10-30). Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World. Princeton University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4008-4146-2.
- ^ Karolak, Magdalena (2014). The Social Media Wars: Sunni and Shia Identity Conflicts in the Age of the Web 2.0 and the Arab Spring. Academica Press. ISBN 978-1-936320-71-4.