Hepatic encephalopathy is a disorder detected in
patients suffering from cirrhosis. It is a syndrome that occurs in patients
with liver dysfunction and is defined as a spectrum of neuropsychiatric
abnormalities, after exclusion of brain disease. Hepatic encephalopathy is
categorized by intellectual impairment, a depressed level of consciousness, and
personality changes. The symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy includes changes in
sleeping patterns, disorientation, slurred speech and agitation, drowsiness or
confusion, and excitement. The influencing factors for hepatic encephalopathy
includes constipation (due to increased nitrogen load), increased protein
intake with azotemia, drugs, and hypoxia, gastrointestinal bleeding, and renal
dysfunction.
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The hepatic
encephalopathy market can be segmented by types, treatment, and
geography. Based on types, the market can be categorized into Type A, Type B,
and Type C. Type A hepatic encephalopathy is related to acute liver failure that
leads to rapid deterioration of the liver in patients suffering from
pre-existing liver disorders. Acute liver failure that causes complications
such as elevated pressure and excessive bleeding in the brain is known as
fulminant hepatic failure that requires emergency hospitalization. Type B
hepatic encephalopathy is related to portal-systemic bypass deprived of liver
disorder. Type B hepatic encephalopathy arises when blood streams around the
liver and hence the liver cannot remove or control elements in the blood. Type
B generally arises as a result of hereditary abnormalities and as a result of
invasive procedures or trauma. Type C hepatic encephalopathy is related to
cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is the last phase of chronic liver disease when damaging
fibrosis matures. As a result, problems of cirrhosis is reflected in bruising
and bleeding easily, jaundice (a yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of
the eyes), painful swelling of the legs (edema), fluid build-up in the abdomen
(ascites), and portal hypertension (a rise in the blood pressure within a
system of veins called the portal venous system).
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Furthermore, on the basis of treatments, the hepatic
encephalopathy market is categorized into lactulose, antibiotics, probiotics,
branched-chain amino acids, and liver transplantation. Lactulose is a synthetic
form of sugar that is not absorbed into the body. Lactulose creates an
aggressive environment for the bad microbes in the intestine, thus reducing
ammonia production in the intestine. Antibiotics such as Rifaximin and
Metronidazole may be used to slow down the development of bacteria in the
intestine, including bacteria which produce ammonia. Rifaximin is slowly
absorbed into the body that helps it to deliberate in the intestines, where it
can decrease the growth of unfavorable bacteria. Probiotics or favorable
microbes can change the balance of microbes in the intestines, increasing the
proportion of favorable bacteria. This can result in reduced levels of ammonia
production and other toxic substances. Branched-chain amino acids Valine,
Leucine, and Isoleucine can help uphold muscle mass and increase ammonia
clearance. Liver transplantation is the final treatment for hepatic
encephalopathy wherein the damaged liver is replaced with a healthy donor’s liver.
Patients who receive a liver transplant recover their brain function. However,
it is important to control and stop incidents of over hepatic encephalopathy,
because several incidents of over hepatic encephalopathy can possibly lead to
enduring and therefore irreversible brain damage.
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On the basis of geography, the global hepatic
encephalopathy market is segmented into five key regions, North America,
Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. North
America is the dominant market followed by Europe. Rising patient awareness
about different treatment options and increasing demand for treatment is
expected to influence the market in North America. The hepatic encephalopathy
market is growing due to increasing population, better treatment options, and
rising demand for rapid diagnosis globally. Presently, the U.S. is the main
country contributing to the global hepatic encephalopathy market, where the
financial burden of hepatic encephalopathy is significant. Followed by ascites,
hepatic encephalopathy is the second most common cause for hospitalization of
cirrhotic patients in the U.S. In addition, the market for global hepatic
encephalopathy is expected to expand at a healthy rate in the next few years
due to lack of treatment options.
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The major players operating in the global hepatic
encephalopathy market are Alfa Wassermann S.p.A, Cosmo Pharmaceuticals S.p.A,
KannaLife Sciences, Inc., Ocera Therapeutics, Inc., Rebiotix Inc., Spherium
Biomed S.L., and Umecrine Cognition AB among others. Increasing competition
among key players to develop new therapies for hepatic encephalopathy will
drive the market globally.
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