Xylosma Knowpia

Xylosma
	Xylosma hawaiensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Salicaceae
Subfamily:	Salicoideae
Tribe:	Saliceae
Genus:	Xylosma; G.Forst., 1786
Type species
	Xylosma orbiculata; (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) G.Forst.
Species
	About 100, see text
Synonyms
	Craepaloprumnon (Endl.) H.Karst.; Eichlerodendron Briq.; Hisingera Hell.; Lasiochlamys Pax & K.Hoffm.; Lightfootia Sw.; Myroxylon J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.; Priamosia Urb.; Roumea DC., orth. var.; Rumea Poit.;

Xylosma /zaɪˈlɒzmə/^[3] is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae.^[2] It contains around 100 species of evergreen shrubs and trees^[4] commonly known as brushhollies, xylosmas, or, more ambiguously, "logwoods". The generic name is derived from the Greek words ξύλον (xylon), meaning "wood, tree", and ὀσμή (osmé), meaning "smell",^[5] referring to the fragrant wood of some of the species.^[4] The Takhtajan system places it in the family Flacourtiaceae,^[6] which is considered defunct by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.^[2]

Description edit

The leaves are alternate, simple, entire or finely toothed, 2–10 cm (0.79–3.94 in) long. The flowers are small, yellowish, produced on racemes 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) long, usually dioecious,^[7] and have a strong scent. The fruit is a small purple-black berry 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) in diameter that contains 2 to 8 seeds.^[4]

Species edit

As of February 2023^[update], Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:^[8]

Xylosma acunae Borhidi & O.Muñiz
Xylosma avilae Sleumer
Xylosma bahamensis (Britton) Standl. – Bahamas xylosma (The Bahamas)
Xylosma benthamii (Tul.) Triana & Planch.
Xylosma bernardiana Sleumer
Xylosma boliviana Sleumer
Xylosma boulindae Sleumer (New Caledonia)
Xylosma brachystachys Craib
Xylosma buxifolia A.Gray – boxleaf xylosma (the Caribbean)
Xylosma capillipes Guillaumin (New Caledonia)
Xylosma characantha Standl.
Xylosma chiapensis Lundell
Xylosma chlorantha Donn.Sm.
Xylosma ciliatifolia (Clos) Eichler
Xylosma cinerea (Clos) Hemsl.
Xylosma claraensis Urb.
Xylosma confusa Guillaumin
Xylosma congesta (Lour.) Merr. – shiny xylosma
Xylosma controversa Clos
Xylosma cordata (Kunth) Gilg
Xylosma coriacea (Poit.) Eichler
Xylosma crenata (H.St.John) H.St.John – sawtooth logwood (Kauaʻi in Hawaii)
Xylosma domingensis (Urb.) M.H.Alford
Xylosma dothioensis Guillaumin
Xylosma elegans (Tul.) Triana & Planch.
Xylosma fawcettii Urb. (Jamaica)
Xylosma flexuosa (Kunth) Hemsl. – brushholly (Mexico, Central America)
Xylosma gigantifolia Sleumer
Xylosma glaberrima Sleumer (Brazil)
Xylosma glaucescens Urb.
Xylosma grossecrenata (Sleumer) Lescot (New Caledonia)
Xylosma guillauminii Sleumer
Xylosma hawaiensis Seem. – Hawaiian brushholly, maua (Hawaii)
Xylosma hispidula Standl.
Xylosma horrida Rose
Xylosma iberiensis J.E.Gut.
Xylosma inaequinervia Sleumer (New Caledonia)
Xylosma intermedia (Seem.) Triana & Planch.
Xylosma kaalaensis Sleumer (New Caledonia)
Xylosma lancifolia Sleumer
Xylosma lifuana Guillaumin
Xylosma lineolata Urb. & Ekman
Xylosma longifolia Clos (Western Himalayas)
Xylosma longipedicellata A.Pool
Xylosma longipetiolata Legname
Xylosma lucida (Tul.) Sleumer
Xylosma luzonensis Clos
Xylosma maidenii Sleumer
Xylosma martinicensis (Krug & Urb.) Urb.
Xylosma molesta Sleumer (New Caledonia)
Xylosma nelsonii Merr.
Xylosma nervosa Guillaumin
Xylosma nipensis Borhidi
Xylosma nitida (Hell.) A.Gray ex Griseb.
Xylosma obovata (Karsten) Triana & Planchon (Colombia)
Xylosma oligandra Donn.Sm.
Xylosma orbiculata (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) G.Forst. (Fiji, Tonga, Niue)
Xylosma ovata Benth.
Xylosma pachyphylla (Krug & Urb.) Urb. – spiny logwood (Puerto Rico)
Xylosma palawanensis Mend. (Philippines)
Xylosma panamensis Turcz.
Xylosma pancheri Guillaumin
Xylosma papuana Gilg
Xylosma parvifolia Jessup
Xylosma paucinervosa (Steyerm.) Sleumer
Xylosma peltata (Sleumer) Lescot (New Caledonia)
Xylosma pininsularis Guillaumin (New Caledonia)
Xylosma prockia (Turcz.) Turcz.
Xylosma prockia (Turcz.) Turcz.
Xylosma proctorii Sleumer (Jamaica)
Xylosma pseudosalzmannii Sleumer
Xylosma pubescens Griseb.
Xylosma quichensis Donn.Sm.
Xylosma raimondii Sleumer
Xylosma rhombifolia (Britton & P.Wilson) Sleumer
Xylosma roigiana Borhidi
Xylosma rubicunda (H.Karst.) Gilg
Xylosma ruiziana Sleumer (Peru)
Xylosma rusbyana Sleumer
Xylosma samoensis (Christoph.) Sleumer (Savai'i)
Xylosma sanctae-annae Sleumer
Xylosma schaefferioides A.Gray
Xylosma schaefferioides A.Gray – white logwood (Greater Antilles)
Xylosma schwaneckeana (Krug & Urb.) Urb. – Schwaneck's logwood (Puerto Rico)
Xylosma senticosa Hance
Xylosma serpentina Sleumer (New Caledonia)
Xylosma serrata (Sw.) Urb.
Xylosma shaferi (P.Wilson) R.A.Howard & W.R.Briggs
Xylosma simulans A.C.Sm.
Xylosma smithiana Fosberg
Xylosma spiculifera (Tul.) Triana & Planch. (Colombia)
Xylosma suaveolens (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) G.Forst.
Xylosma suluensis Merr.
Xylosma sumatrana Slooten
Xylosma terrae-reginae C.T.White & Sleumer (NSW and Queensland, Australia)
Xylosma tessmannii Sleumer
Xylosma tuberculata Sleumer (New Caledonia)
Xylosma tweediana (Clos) Eichler
Xylosma velutina (Tul.) Triana & Planch.
Xylosma venosa N.E.Br.
Xylosma vincentii Guillaumin

Distribution edit

The genus is predominantly native to the tropics and subtropics,^[4] from the Caribbean, Central America, northern South America, the Pacific Islands, southern Asia and northern Australasia. One species, X. congesta, is found in warm-temperate eastern Asia (China, Korea and Japan). Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggest that the genus Lasiochlamys from New Caledonia may be nested in Xylosma.^[9]

Ecology edit

Xylosma foliage is used as food by the caterpillars of some lepidoptera, such as the rustic (Cupha erymanthis), which feeds on X. congesta (syn. X. racemosa), and the common leopard (Phalanta phalantha), which feeds on X. longifolia and X. congesta.

Uses edit

The main use for the genus is as hedge and topiary plants among gardeners in desert and chaparral climates. Xylosma congesta is the species usually seen in garden hedges and in road landscaping, despite the fact it bears thorns. Other species cultivated for these purposes include X. bahamensis, X. flexuosa, and X. spiculifera (syn. X. heterophylla).^[4] X. longifolia is sometimes grown in India for its edible fruits.^[10] In addition, a medicinal extract is made from its young leaves that acts as antispasmodic, narcotic, and sedative.^[11] 15 species of the genus have reported medicinal or veterinary use.^[12]

References edit

^ ^a ^b "!Xylosma G. Forst". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Genus: Xylosma G. Forst". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
^ Brenzel, K. N. (1995). Sunset Western Garden Book (6 ed.). Sunset Publishing Corporation. pp. 606–07. ISBN 978-0-376-03851-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Everett, T. H. (1982). The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Vol. 10. Taylor & Francis. p. 3572. ISBN 978-0-8240-7240-7.
^ Quattrocchi, U. (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Vol. IV R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2857. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3.
^ Takhtajan, A. (2009). Flowering Plants (2 ed.). Springer. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2.
^ "Xylosma G. Forster, Fl. Ins. Austr. 72. 1786". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
^ "Xylosma G.Forst". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
^ Alford, M.A (2005). Systematics Studies in Flacourtiaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, 2005.
^ P. Hanelt, ed. (2001). Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (Except Ornamentals). Vol. 3. Springer. p. 1374. ISBN 978-3-540-41017-1.
^ Khare, C. P. (2007). Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary. Springer. p. 725. ISBN 978-0-387-70637-5.
^ Duarte-Casar, Rodrigo; Romero-Benavides, Juan Carlos (January 2022). "Xylosma G. Forst. Genus: Medicinal and Veterinary Use, Phytochemical Composition, and Biological Activity". Plants. 11 (9): 1252. doi:10.3390/plants11091252. ISSN 2223-7747. PMC 9103172. PMID 35567253.

Media related to Xylosma at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Xylosma at Wikispecies

[TROPICOS-1] "!Xylosma G. Forst". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2010-03-05.

[GRIN-2] "Genus: Xylosma G. Forst". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.

[3] Brenzel, K. N. (1995). Sunset Western Garden Book (6 ed.). Sunset Publishing Corporation. pp. 606–07. ISBN 978-0-376-03851-7.

[Everett-4] Everett, T. H. (1982). The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Vol. 10. Taylor & Francis. p. 3572. ISBN 978-0-8240-7240-7.

[5] Quattrocchi, U. (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Vol. IV R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2857. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3.

[6] Takhtajan, A. (2009). Flowering Plants (2 ed.). Springer. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2.

[eFloras-7] "Xylosma G. Forster, Fl. Ins. Austr. 72. 1786". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 2010-02-03.

[IPNI_332071-2-8] "Xylosma G.Forst". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2023-02-16.

[9] Alford, M.A (2005). Systematics Studies in Flacourtiaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, 2005.

[Mansfeld-10] P. Hanelt, ed. (2001). Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (Except Ornamentals). Vol. 3. Springer. p. 1374. ISBN 978-3-540-41017-1.

[11] Khare, C. P. (2007). Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary. Springer. p. 725. ISBN 978-0-387-70637-5.

[12] Duarte-Casar, Rodrigo; Romero-Benavides, Juan Carlos (January 2022). "Xylosma G. Forst. Genus: Medicinal and Veterinary Use, Phytochemical Composition, and Biological Activity". Plants. 11 (9): 1252. doi:10.3390/plants11091252. ISSN 2223-7747. PMC 9103172. PMID 35567253.

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