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Tunna

Summary

Tunna or Dunna (Hittite: 𒌷𒁺𒌦𒈾[1]) was an ancient Anatolian city located at the foothills of the Taurus Mountains, near the town of Ulukışla and the Cilician Gates in southern Cappadocia.[2][3]

Tunna
Tunna is located in Turkey
Tunna
Shown within Turkey
LocationTurkey
RegionNiğde Province
Coordinates37°30′52″N 34°34′46″E / 37.5144°N 34.5794°E / 37.5144; 34.5794

In classical antiquity Tunna was known as Tynna (Ancient Greek: Τυννα, romanized: Tunna; Latin: Tynna),[4] and today it is known as Porsuk Höyük[5] or Zeyve Höyük.[6]

History edit

Bronze Age edit

Tunna might have been founded during the Hittite Old Kingdom by the sons of the king Ḫattušili I, some time during the late Middle and early Late Bronze Age.[7]

Beginning with the reign of the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I, Tunna was referred to in state treaties of the Hittite Empire as the cult site of the goddess Ḫallara, who headed the local pantheon.[5][8][1]

According to a bronze tablet and the Ulmi-Teššub treaty, Tunna was a location in the region of Tarḫuntašša in the Ḫūlaya River Land where the hypostasis of the storm god Tarḫunzas bearing the epithet of piḫaššaššiš (𒁉𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀸𒅆𒅖) was venerated.[8][4]

Tunna was mentioned alongside Ḫupišna and Zallara in a Hittite local deity list, and a Chief of the Cooks was responsible for the cult inventory of the country of Tunna.[4]

Due to its strategic location at the Cilician Gates, Tunna was located on one of the main routes which in ancient times connected the Anatolian Plateau to the Syro-Mesopotamian region.[2]

Tunna (?)
Common languagesLuwian
Religion
Luwian religion
King 
• 8th century BC
Tarḫunazas
• 8th century BC
Masauraḫisas (?)
Vassal of Tuwana
Historical eraIron Age
Preceded by
  Hittite empire
Today part ofTurkey

Iron Age edit

In the 9th century BC, Tunna was destroyed during the campaign of the Neo-Assyrian king Shalmaneser III in the Tabalian region in 837 BC.[9]

During the 8th century BC, Tunna was a Tabalian petty city-state ruled by a king named Tarḫunazas, who was himself a vassal of the king Warpalawas II of Tuwana.[10] In an inscription at the site corresponding to present-day Bulgarmaden, Tarḫunazas recorded that, in exchange for his services, his overlord Warpalawas II had offered to him the Mount Mudi.[11][12]

New defensive structures were built at Tunna during the reign of Warpalawas II.[9]

Mount Mudi was a rocky outcrop of the Taurus Mountains near the Cilician Gates,[13] and was likely identical with the "alabaster mountain," Mount Mulî, which the Neo-Assyrian king Shalmaneser III climbed and from where he extracted alabaster during his campaign in the Tabalian region in 837 BCE. The name Mulî (𒈬𒇷𒄿[14][15][16][17]) was the Akkadian form of a Luwian original name Mudi (𔑿𔑣‎)[18][19][20][21] which had experienced the Luwian sound shift from /d/ to /l/.[12][22]

Based on the close association of the "silver mountain," Mount Tunni, with Mount Mulî in the Neo-Assyrian records, both of these mountains were located close to each other, in the northeastern end of the Bolkar and Taurus Mountains, where are presently located the silver mines of Bulgarmaden and the gypsum mine at Porsuk-Zeyve Höyük.[12][2][23]

Another petty-king of Tunna who was vassal of the kings of Tuwana might have been Masauraḫisas, who possibly reigned in the middle or late 8th century BC,[2] and who is known from an inscription by his general Parḫwiras.[9]

Classical Antiquity edit

During the Hellenistic period, Tunna became known as Tynna (Ancient Greek: Τυννα, romanized: Tunna; Latin: Tynna),[4].[4]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Prechel 2016, p. 188.
  2. ^ a b c d Beyer 2012, p. 47.
  3. ^ Prechel 2016, p. 188-189.
  4. ^ a b c d e Prechel 2016, p. 189.
  5. ^ a b Taracha 2009, p. 86.
  6. ^ Bryce 2009, p. 145.
  7. ^ Beyer 2012, p. 48.
  8. ^ a b Taracha 2009, p. 117.
  9. ^ a b c Barat et al. 2022, p. 76.
  10. ^ Bryce 2009, p. 152.
  11. ^ Bryce 2009, p. 148-149.
  12. ^ a b c Hawkins 1997, p. 414.
  13. ^ Bryce 2012, p. 152.
  14. ^ "Mulu [1] (GN)". Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  15. ^ "Muli [MOUNT MULI] (GN)". The Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  16. ^ "Muli [MOUNT MULI] (GN)". Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  17. ^ "Muli [MOUNT MULI] (GN)". Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  18. ^ Hawkins 2000b, p. 523.
  19. ^ Hawkins 2000a, p. 521-525.
  20. ^ Weeden 2017, p. 727.
  21. ^ Yakubovich, Ilya; Arkhangelskiy, Timofey. "BULGARMADEN". Annotated Corpus of Luwian Texts. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  22. ^ D'Alfonso 2012, p. 178.
  23. ^ Streck 2014, p. 189-190.

Bibliography edit

  • Barat, Claire; Köker Gökçe, Emine; Pichonneau, Jean-François; Sadozaï, Chamsia (2022). "Porsuk – Zeyve Höyük : Rapport préliminaire de la campagne 2021" [Porsuk – Zeyve Höyük: Preliminary Report of the 2021 Campaign]. Anatolia antiqua = Eski anadolu. 30: 67–81. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  • Beyer, Dominique (2012). "Zeyve höyük-Porsuk. Bilan des recherches sur les niveaux du Bronze et du Fer" [Zeyve höyük-Porsuk: Review of Research on the Bronze and Iron Age Levals]. Archéologies et espaces parcourus [Archeologies and Scoured Spaces]. Rencontres d’Archéologie de l’IFEA. Vol. 1. Istanbul, Turkey: Institut français d’études anatoliennes. pp. 45–56. ISBN 978-2-362-45006-8.
  • Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39485-7.
  • Bryce, Trevor (2012). The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-21872-1.
  • D'Alfonso, Lorenzo (2012). "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE". In Lanfranchi, Giovanni B.; Bonacossi, Daniele Morandi; Pappi, Cinzia; Ponchia, Simonetta [in German] (eds.). Leggo! Studies Presented to Frederick Mario Fales on the Occasion of His 65ᵗʰ Birthday. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 173–194. ISBN 978-3-447-06659-4.
  • Hawkins, J. D. [in German] (1997). "Muli". In Edzard, Dietz-Otto; Calmeyer, P.; Postgate, J. N.; Röllig, W. [in German]; von Soden, W.; Stol, M.; Wilhelm, G.; Frantz-Szabó, Gabriella (eds.). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. Vol. 8. Berlin, Germany; New York City, United States: Walter de Gruyter. p. 414. ISBN 978-3-110-14809-1.
  • Hawkins, John D. [in German] (2000a). Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Vol. 1: Inscriptions of the Iron Age. Part 1: Text, Introduction, Karatepe, Karkamis, Tell Ahmar, Maras, Malatya, Commagene. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-110-10864-4.
  • Hawkins, John David [in German] (2000b). Inscriptions of the Iron Age, Part 2: Text: Amuq, Aleppo, Hama, Tabal, Assur Letters, Miscellaneous, Seals, Indices. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Vol. 1. Berlin, Germany; New York City, United States: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-110-10864-4.
  • Gwendolyn Leick: Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge, London 1999, 2002. ISBN 978-0-415-13231-2
  • Christian Marek, Peter Frei: Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike. Verlag C.H.Beck, Munich 2010. ISBN 978-3-406-59853-1
  • Annick Payne: Iron Age Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta 2012. ISBN 978-1-58983-269-5
  • Prechel, D. [in German] (2016). "Tunna". In Streck, Michael P. [in German]; Frantz-Szabó, Gabriella; Krebernik, Manfred [in German]; Bonacossi, D. Morandi; Postgate, J. N.; Seidl, Ursula [in German]; Stol, M.; Wilhelm, Gernot [in German] (eds.). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (in German). Vol. 14. Berlin, Germany; New York City, United States: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-3-110-41761-6.
  • Streck, M.P. [in German] (2014). "Tunni". In Streck, Michael P. [in German]; Frantz-Szabó, Gabriella; Krebernik, Manfred [in German]; Bonacossi, D. Morandi; Postgate, J. N.; Seidl, Ursula [in German]; Stol, M.; Wilhelm, Gernot [in German] (eds.). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie. Vol. 14. Berlin, Germany; New York City, United States: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 189–190. ISBN 978-3-110-41761-6.
  • Taracha, Piotr [in German] (2009). Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Dresdner Beiträge Zur Hethitologie. Vol. 27. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05885-8.
  • Weeden, Mark (2017). "Tabal and the Limits of Assyrian Imperialism". In Heffron, Yağmur; Stone, Adam; Worthington, Martin (eds.). At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate. Vol. 2. Winona, United States: Eisenbrauns. p. 721-736. ISBN 978-1-57506-471-0.

37°30′52″N 34°34′46″E / 37.5144°N 34.5794°E / 37.5144; 34.5794

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