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Safi of Persia

Summary

Sam Mirza (Persian: سام میرزا) (1611 – 12 May 1642), known by his dynastic name of Shah Safi (Persian: شاه صفی), was the sixth shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1629 to 1642. Abbas the Great was succeeded by his grandson, Safi.[1] A reclusive and passive character, Safi was unable to fill the power vacuum which his grandfather had left behind. His officials undermined his authority and revolts constantly broke out across the realm. The continuing war with the Ottoman Empire, started with initial success during Abbas the Great's reign, but ended with the humiliating defeat of Iran and the Treaty of Zuhab, which returned much of Iran's conquests in Mesopotamia to the Ottomans.[2]

Safi
Shah Safi I of Persia on horseback carrying a mace
Shah of Iran
Reign28 January 1629 – 12 May 1642
Coronation29 January 1629
PredecessorAbbas I
SuccessorAbbas II
Born1611
Died12 May 1642 (aged 30/31)
Kashan, Iran
Burial
Fatima Masumeh Shrine, Qom, Iran
Spouse
HouseSafavi
FatherMohammad Baqer Mirza
MotherDilaram Khanum

In order to assert his authority, Safi purged every potential claimant to his throne, including the sons of the Safavid princesses, and the sons of Abbas the Great, who were blinded and thus were unqualified to rule. The purge also saw the deaths of the leading figures of the realm.[3] An example of Safi's cruelty occurred on the night of 20 February 1632, also known as the bloody Ma'bas, in which he had forty females of the harem put to death. The last act of his bloodshed was the killing of his grand vizier, Mirza Taleb Khan, who was replaced with a ghulam (military slave) named Mirza Mohammad Taqi Khan, more famously known as Saru Taqi.[4]

As a eunuch, Saru Taqi had access to the royal harem, and used this ability to forge relations with the shah's concubines. He influenced Safi, persuading him to increase the royal domains by passing the Fars province to the crown demesne.[5] He imposed heavy taxes throughout the realm, especially on Isfahan's Armenian population, and investigated the revenue flows of the previous governor of Gilan.[6] He was described as greedy and was accused by Western observers of accepting bribes.[5] In 1634, Saru Taqi appointed his brother, Mohammad Saleh Beg, as the governor of Mazandaran to counteract the Mar'ashi Sayyid line. Saru Taqi's family held the province's governorship until the end of Safi's reign.[7]

Safi died from excessive drinking on 12 May 1642, leaving behind a country smaller than it was when he inherited it. A weak-minded man lacking charisma, Safi manifested many problems that later plagued the Safavid empire during its decline, one of them being not preparing the crown prince for rule. He excluded the Qizilbash influence in Safavid bureaucracy,[8] and instead allowed a coalition of concubines, eunuchs and ghulams to hold power during the last decade of his reign.[9]

Early life edit

Safi was given the name Sam Mirza when he was born. He was the son of Mohammad Baqer Mirza, the eldest son of Shah Abbas I, and Dilaram Khanum, a Georgian wife.[10] In 1615, Abbas had Mohammed Baqer killed, fearing he was plotting against his life. Over the next few years, the suspicious Abbas killed or blinded his other sons, leaving his grandson Safi heir to the throne.

Reign edit

 
Rostom (also known as Rustam Khan), viceroy of Kartli, eastern Georgia, from 1633 to 1658.

Safi was crowned on 28 January 1629 at the age of eighteen.[citation needed] He ruthlessly eliminated anyone he regarded as a threat to his power, executing almost all the Safavid royal princes as well as leading courtiers and generals. He paid little attention to the business of government and had no cultural or intellectual interests (he had never learned to read or write properly), preferring to spend his time drinking wine or indulging in his addiction to opium. Supposedly, however, he abhorred tobacco smoke as much as his grandfather did, going as far as to have those caught smoking tobacco in public killed by pouring molten lead in their mouths.[citation needed]

The dominant political figure of Safi's reign was Saru Taqi, appointed grand vizier in 1634. Saru Taqi was incorruptible and highly efficient at raising revenues for the state, but he could also be autocratic and arrogant.

Iran's foreign enemies took the opportunity to exploit Safi's perceived weakness. Despite firm initial Safavid successes and humiliating defeats in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639) by Safi's grandfather and predecessor Shah Abbas the Great, the Ottomans, having had their economy stabilized and military reorganized under the fiercely capable Sultan Murad IV, started making incursions in the west within a year of Safi's ascension to the throne. In 1634 they briefly occupied Yerevan and Tabriz and in 1638 they finally succeeded in recapturing Baghdad and other parts of Mesopotamia (Iraq) which, despite being taken again several times later on in history by the Persians and most notably by Nader Shah, it would all remain in their hands until the aftermath of World War I. Nevertheless, the Treaty of Zuhab which ensued in 1639 put an end to all further wars between the Safavids and the Ottomans. Apart from the Ottoman wars, Iran was troubled by the Uzbeks and Turkmens in the east and briefly lost Kandahar in their easternmost territories to the Mughals in 1638, due to what seems as an act of revenge by their own governor over the region, Ali Mardan Khan, after being dismissed from office.[11]

In 1636 he received a trade delegation from Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, which included Adam Olearius. Olearius wrote a book about this visit in 1647, which was widely published in Europe. In 1639, Safi sent a return delegation to Holstein-Gottorp, bestowing gifts on the Duke.[12] However, the Duke did not succeed in his ultimate aim - starting a regular trading relationship with Iran (and Russia) and making the Duke's newly founded town of Friedrichstadt into a European trade terminus.

Safi died on 12 May 1642 and was buried in Qom. He was succeeded by his son Abbas II. His death was related to heavy drinking. According to one account, found in Archangelo Lamberti's Relation de la Colchide ou Mengrellie (1654), Safi died in a drinking contest with a certain Shedan Chiladze, a renowned Georgian drinking champion invited to Isfahan from Mingrelia.[13]

Family edit

Consorts

Safi had three wives:

Sons

Safi had five sons:[18]

  • Sultan Mohammad Mirza, succeeded regnally as Abbas II;
  • Tahmasp Mirza (blinded 1642);
  • Bahram Mirza (blinded 1642);
  • Sultan Haidar Mirza (blinded 1642);
  • Ismail Haidar Mirza (blinded 1642);
Daughters

Safi had two daughters:

References edit

  1. ^ Matthee 2021, p. 144.
  2. ^ Roemer 2008, p. 285.
  3. ^ Roemer 2008, p. 280.
  4. ^ Matthee 2021, p. 146.
  5. ^ a b Matthee 1999, p. 130.
  6. ^ Newman 2008, p. 76.
  7. ^ Matthee 2019, p. 41.
  8. ^ Roemer 2008, p. 287–288.
  9. ^ Babaie et al. 2004, p. 42.
  10. ^ Sussan Babaie and others: Slaves of the Shah (I.B. Tauris, 2003) p.104
  11. ^ Kohn 2007, p. 338
  12. ^ Granlund 2004, p. 58.
  13. ^ Matthee 2005, p. 43.
  14. ^ Babayan, K. (1993). The Waning of the Qizilbash: The Spiritual and the Temporal in Seventeenth Century Iran. Princeton University. pp. 119, 123.
  15. ^ Melville, C. (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran Vol. 10. The Idea of Iran. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-7556-3380-7.
  16. ^ Anchabadze, Z. (2014). European Georgia: (ethnogeopolitics in Caucasus and Ethnogenetical History of Europe). publisher not indicated. p. 63. ISBN 978-9941-0-6322-0.
  17. ^ Sale; et al. (1759). "An Universal history, from the earliest account of time". 26. Printed for T. Osborne: 475. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ a b Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica (17 May 2021). "ʿABBĀS II". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  19. ^ Nashat, G.; Beck, L. (2003). Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800. University of Illinois Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-252-07121-8.
  20. ^ Newman, A.J. (2012). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 105, 108. ISBN 978-0-85773-366-5.

Sources edit

  • Newman, Andrew J. (2008). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–281. ISBN 9780857716613.
  • Babaie, Sussan; Babayan, Kathryn; McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz; Farhad, Massumeh (2004). Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. pp. 1–218. ISBN 1-86064-721-9. LCCN 2005272298.
  • Babaie, Sussan (2004). Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–218. ISBN 9781860647215.
  • Roemer, H.R. (1986). "The Safavid period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Timurid and Safavid periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–351. ISBN 9780521200943.
  • Granlund, Lis (2004). "Queen Hedwig Eleonora of Sweden: Dowager, Builder, and Collector". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa (ed.). Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–76. ISBN 0-521-81422-7.
  • Roemer, H. R. (2008). "THE SAFAVID PERIOD". The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–350. ISBN 9781139054980. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  • Matthee, Rudolph P. (2005). The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Iranian history, 1500-1900. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691118550.
  • Matthee, Rudi (2021). The Safavid World. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000392876. OCLC 1274244049.
  • Matthee, Rudi (1999). The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600-1730. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781838607074. OCLC 875467518.
  • Matthee, Rudi (2019). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000392876. OCLC 1274244049.


Further reading edit

  • Quinn, Sholeh A. (2019). "In the Shadow of Shah ʿAbbas: The Succession of Shah Safi (r. 1629–1642)". In Khafipour, Hani (ed.). The Empires of the Near East and India: Source Studies of the Safavid, Ottoman, and Mughal Literate Communities. Columbia University Press. pp. 221–227.
  • Rybar, Lukas; Andreev, Artem A. (2023). "The Russian-Iranian Silk Trade during the Reign of Shāh Ṣafī I (1629–1642)". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 66 (3–4): 394–421. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341598.
Safi of Persia
Born: 1611 Died: 12 May 1642
Iranian royalty
Preceded by Shah of Iran
1629–1642 		Succeeded by

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