Summary
The Political Committee of National Liberation (Greek: Πολιτική Επιτροπή Εθνικής Απελευθέρωσης, Politiki Epitropi Ethnikis Apeleftherosis, PEEA), commonly known as the "Mountain Government" (Greek: Κυβέρνηση του Βουνού, Kivernisi tou Vounou), was a Communist Party-dominated government established in Greece in 1944 in opposition to both the collaborationist German-controlled government in Athens and to the royal government-in-exile in Cairo. It was integrated with the Greek government-in-exile in a national unity government at the Lebanon conference in May 1944.
Political Committee of National Liberation Πολιτική Επιτροπή Εθνικής Απελευθέρωσης | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1944 | |||||||||
| Anthem: "Hymn of Political Committee of National Liberation" (Ýmnos tis PEEA) [3] | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Status | National Liberation Front and Communist Party of Greece dominated government | ||||||||
| Capital | Athens (official), Koryschades (Evrytania) (headquarter of PEEA) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Greek/Demotic Greek | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Greek, Hellene | ||||||||
| Government | Provisional Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic | ||||||||
| Chairman of PEEA | |||||||||
• 10 March 1944 – 18 April 1944 [4] | Evripidis Bakirtzis | ||||||||
• 18 April 1944 – 5 November 1944 | Alexandros Svolos | ||||||||
| Legislature | National Council | ||||||||
| Historical era | World War II | ||||||||
• Established | 10 March 1944 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 5 November[5][6] | ||||||||
| Currency | Greek drachma (₯) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
![Coat of arms[1][2] of Political Committee of National Liberation](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PEEA_emblem_1944.png/85px-PEEA_emblem_1944.png)
Background edit
Establishment edit
The PEEA was established on 10 March 1944 by the leftist National Liberation Front (EAM)/Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) movement, which was then in control of much of the country. Its aims, according to its founding charter, were, "to intensify the struggle against the conquerors ... for full national liberation, for the consolidation of the independence and integrity of our country (...) and for the annihilation of domestic fascism and armed traitor formations".
The PEEA's authority was significantly reinforced after the establishment of the National Council (Greek: Εθνικό Συμβούλιο) in 1944. The National Council was an assembly elected by secret elections organised by the PEEA in late April 1944 in both the liberated parts of Greece and the still-occupied cities, mainly Athens. Between 1.5 and 1.8 million Greeks voted in these elections, which are notable for the fact that for the first time in Greece, women were allowed to vote. The Council first converged in Koryschades, a mountain village of Evrytania, from 14 to 27 May 1944. Its main act was voting a resolution, an extract of which is quoted:
"General clauses
The National Council, composed of representatives of the whole of the Greek people, who converged to declare its inexpugnable will to fight to the bitter end for the liberation of the country, the destruction of fascism and the restoration of its national unity and popular sovereignty, willing to determine the way all authorities are exercised in free Greece, votes:
- Article 1: It ratifies the charter establishing Political Committee of National Liberation of March 10, 1944.
- Article 2: All powers derive from the people and are exercised by the people. Self-administration and popular judicature are fundamental institutions of the public life of the Greeks.
- Article 3: The National Council is the supreme instrument of popular sovereignty. The PEEA possesses all powers determined in this decree.
- Article 4: The People's liberties are sacred and inviolable. The struggling nation will protect them from any threats no matter where they are coming from.
- Article 5: All Greeks, men and women, have equal political and civil rights.
- Article 6: Employment is a fundamental social function and generates rights for the enjoyment of life’s goods.
- Article 7: The People's language is the formal language for all manifestations of public life and for all educational grades."
The PEEA's first president was Evripidis Bakirtzis, the former leader of National and Social Liberation (EKKA). On April 18 Alexandros Svolos, a prominent professor of constitutional law of the University of Athens, took his position and Bakirtzis became vice-president. Not only communist leaders but also many progressive bourgeois, who had nothing to do with communist ideas, participated in the PEEA.
ELAS not only resisted German and Italian occupation forces but also re-organised life in Free Greece, the mountainous areas (i.e. the biggest part of Greece) it controlled. EAM, with the co-ordination and organization of the PEEA, helped the local people organise schools, hospitalise refugees from the big cities and protect the crops from German looting. Amateur actors and musicians created travelling theatres and bands, something that most rural communities had never seen or heard before. Another achievement of ELAS (due partially to the progressive ideas and partially to the lack of men) was to promote women's rights. Young girls, who until then were working at home or the fields, had the opportunity to educate and express themselves. There were also improvised telecommunications either by telephone lines or by messengers and systems of re-distribution of food-resources, so that no village would starve.
Mountain Government edit
Interim Government edit
| Minister | Portfolio | Party | Dates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Evripidis Bakirtzis | President Secretary of Foreign Affairs |
Communist Party | 10 March 1944 – 18 April 1944 | |
| Evripidis Bakirtzis | Secretary of Military Affairs | Independent | 10 March 1944 – 18 April 1944 | |
| Georgios Siantos | Secretary of the Interior | Communist Party | 10 March 1944 – 18 April 1944 | |
| Ilias Tsirimokos | Secretary of Justice | Union of People's Democracy | 10 March 1944 – 18 April 1944 | |
| Kostas Gavriilidis | Secretary of Agriculture | Agricultural Party | 10 March 1944 – 18 April 1944 | |
| Office | Incumbent | Party | Dates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| President of the Cabinet | Alexandros Svolos | Union of People's Democracy | 18 April – 2 September 1944 [7] | |
| Deputy President of the Cabinet and Secretary of the Food | Evripidis Bakirtzis | Communist Party of Greece | 18 April – 2 September 1944 | |
| Secretary of Justice | Ilias Tsirimokos | Union of People's Democracy | 18 April 1944 – 2 September 1944 | |
| Secretary of the Interior | Georgios Siantos | Communist Party of Greece | 18 April 1944 – 2 September 1944 | |
| Secretary of Military Affairs | Manolis Mantakas | Independent | 18 April – 2 September 1944 | |
| Secretary of Transport | Nikolaos Askoutsis[el] | Communist Party of Greece[citation needed] | 18 April – 2 September 1944 | |
| Secretary of Finance | Angelos Angelopoulos[el] | Independent | 18 April – 2 September 1944 | |
| Secretary of Social Welfare | Petros Kokkalis | Independent | 18 April – 2 September 1944 | |
| Secretary of Agriculture | Kostas Gavriilidis | Agricultural Party of Greece | 18 April – 2 September 1944 | |
| Secretary of National Economy | Stamatis Hatzibeis[el] | Independent | 18 April – 2 September 1944 |
References edit
- ^ Ο ΑΠΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΩΤΗΣ. ΟΡΓΑΝΟ ΤΟΥ Ε. Α. Μ. ΤΗΣ ΑΘΗΝΑΣ – ΠΕΙΡΑΙΑ (ΑΝΤΙΠΡΟΣΩΠΕΙΑ ΤΗΣ Κ. Ε.). April 19, 1944.
- ^ Παύλος Μεθενίτης (2021). "Φοίνικας". ΕΦ.ΣΥΝ.
- ^ Νατάσσα Κεφαλινού (Natassa Kefalinnou) (2015). "'Tο αντάρτικο τραγούδι: Θεματολογία, δημιουργοί, τρόποι διάδοσης' (Greek guerilla song)". Το Περιοδικό (in Greek).
- ^ https://gslegal.gov.gr/?p=1029>
- ^ ΑΠΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΩΤΗΣ. ΟΡΓΑΝΟ ΤΗΣ Κ. Ε. ΤΟΥ ΕΘΝΙΚΟΥ ΑΠΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΩΤΙΚΟΥ ΜΕΤΩΠΟΥ (Ε.Α.Μ.). November 7, 1944.
- ^ Σκαλιδάκης, Γιάννης (Ζαν Μαρί) (2012). Πολιτική Επιτροπή Εθνικής Απελευθέρωσης (1944). Ένας τύπος επαναστατικής εξουσίας. Πολιτικές, οικονομικές και κοινωνικές παράμετροι (PDF). ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΕΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ. p. 788. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-08-15.
- ^ https://gslegal.gov.gr/?p=1029
Sources edit
- Clogg, Richard (2013). A Concise History of Modern Greece (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10761203-7.
- Papastratis, Procopis (2006). "Local Government in Liberated Areas of Occupied Greece". In Bruno De Wever; Herman Van Goethem; Nico Wouters (eds.). Local Government in Occupied Europe (1939–1945). Gent: Academia Press. pp. 205–220. ISBN 9038208928.
- Skalidakis, Yannis (2015). "From Resistance to Counterstate: The Making of Revolutionary Power in the Liberated Zones of Occupied Greece, 1943–1944". Journal of Modern Greek Studies. 33 (1): 155–184. doi:10.1353/mgs.2015.0000. S2CID 141718083.