Outline of globalization

Summary

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the broad, interdisciplinary subject of globalization:

Eastern Telegraph Company 1901 chart of undersea telegraph cabling. An example of modern globalizing technology in the beginning of the 20th century.

Globalization (or globalisation) – processes of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.[1] Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities.[2] Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization, economics, sociocultural resources, and the natural environment.

Global studies edit

 
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Global studies – interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary academic study of globalizing forces and trends. Global studies may include the investigation of one or more aspects of globalization, but tend to concentrate on how globalizing trends are redefining the relationships between states, organizations, societies, communities, and individuals, creating new challenges that cannot be solved by nations or markets alone.[3] Study of the factors contributing to globalization may originate in many academic concentrations, such as political science, economics, and sociology.

History edit

 
Animated map showing the development of colonial empires from 1492 to present

History of globalization – generally broken-down into three periods: Archaic, Proto-globalization, and Modern.

  • The Archaic period is defined as events and developments from the time of the earliest civilizations until roughly 1600.
  • The period of Proto-globalization roughly spans the years between 1600 and 1800. It was largely shaped in this era by the operations of colonialism.
  • The Modern period of globalization covers from the 19th century until the present time. Imperialism and industrialization have figured largely in shaping modern globalizing forces and trends.

Globalization concepts edit

Links below are to articles, unless otherwise specified.

Globalization-related theories edit

Since globalization is not an independent phenomenon but is highly interrelated with world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture, explanations of why globalization occurs and what the effects of globalization are or can be expected are related to theories ranging from economic development to revolutionary socialism.

 
Pyramid of Capitalist System, 1911 Industrial Worker publication advocating industrial unionism. It also shows the critique of capitalism.

Globalization-related indices edit

Aspects of globalization edit

Global business organization edit

International business development and the organization of business and trade worldwide are fundamental aspects of globalization and the development of globalizing systems.

 
Singapore, the top country in the Enabling Trade Index, embraced globalization and became a highly developed country.
 
Red: U.S. corporate profits after tax. Blue: U.S. nonresidential business investment, both as fractions of GDP, 1989–2012. Wealth concentration of corporate profits in global tax havens due to tax avoidance spurred by imposition of austerity measures can stall investment, inhibiting further growth.[4]

Economic globalization edit

Economic globalization

 
Of the factors influencing the duration of economic growth in both developed and developing countries, income equality has a more beneficial impact than trade openness, sound political institutions, and foreign investment.[5]

Economic globalization – increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement of goods, services, technology, and capital. International economic activities and institutions that influence or characterize economic globalization include:

Sociocultural globalization edit

All aspects of globalization are essentially sociocultural in nature. Here, aspects of the globalization of culture are detailed, including cultural diversity, cultural homogenization and its backlash, as well as multiculturalism, multilingualism, global civics, world governance and other political developments and social movements related to globalization.

 
Monument to Multiculturalism by Francesco Perilli in Toronto, Canada. Four identical sculptures are located in Buffalo City, South Africa; Changchun, China; Sarajevo, Bosnia, and Sydney, Australia.
 
Shakira, a Colombian multilingual singer-songwriter, playing outside her home country
 
A McDonald's in Osaka, Japan, illustrates the McDonaldization of global society.

Workforce globalization edit

Along with the globalization of business comes a new spatial division of labor, which occurs when production processes are no longer confined to national economies and labor becomes sourced from different parts of the globe. This global workforce has implications ranging from immigration policy to basic human and labor rights.

 
Brazilian multiple entry visa in a US passport, with immigration stamps from Brazil, France, and the United States
 
Entry tourist visa to China

Global natural environment edit

The natural environment can be contrasted with the built environment, comprising the areas and components that are strongly influenced by humans. In the age of globalization, few absolutely natural environments remain. Human challenges to the natural environment, such as climate change, cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of invasive species require at least transnational and, often, global solutions.

 
Deforestation of the Madagascar Highland Plateau has led to extensive siltation and unstable flows of western rivers.
 EconomicSocialEnvironment
The three nested systems of sustainability – the economy wholly contained by society, wholly contained by the biophysical environment. Clickable.

Globalization issues edit

Processes of globalization present humankind with many issues that are considered problematic in at least one culture or society, and often multiple societies.

 
World Bank Protester, Jakarta, Indonesia
 
The global digital divide: Computers per 100 people

By location edit

Categories about globalization-related organizations edit

  • International organizations (category)
    • Global environmental organizations (category)
    • Global policy organizations (category)
      • Intergovernmental organizations
      • International nongovernmental organizations
    • Global trade and professional organizations (category)
    • Global workforce and labor organizations (category)
    • International medical and health organizations (category)

Globalization-related lists edit

Works about globalization edit

  • Works about globalization (category)
  • Books about globalization (category)
  • Documentary films about globalization (category)
  • Serials about globalization (category)

Persons influential in globalization edit

  • Writers about globalization (category)
    • Category:Anti-globalization writers
    • Category:World system scholars

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Albrow, Martin and Elizabeth King (eds.) (1990). Globalization, Knowledge and Society London: Sage. ISBN 978-0803983243 p. 8. "...all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society."
  2. ^ Stever, H. Guyford (1972). "Science, Systems, and Society." Journal of Cybernetics, 2(3):1–3. doi:10.1080/01969727208542909
  3. ^ Harth, Chris. (2005). 'Struggling to Grasp a Moving Target: Global Studies in the US and Emergent International Landscapes.' Interim Report Prepared for Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
  4. ^ "Aggregate Demand, Instability and Growth" Review of Keynesian Economics, January 2013 (see also this review of the paper)
  5. ^ Berg, Andrew G.; Ostry, Jonathan D. (2011). "Equality and Efficiency". Finance and Development. 48 (3). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved September 10, 2012.

Further reading edit

  • Barbara, Christopher (2008). International legal personality: Panacea or pandemonium? Theorizing about the individual and the state in the era of globalization. Saarbrücken: Verlag Dr. Müller. ISBN 978-3-639-11514-7.
  • von Braun, Joachim; Eugenio Diaz-Bonilla (2007). Globalization of Food and Agriculture and the Poor. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-569528-1.
  • Carpenter, John. "Puritan Missions as Globalization," Fides et Historia. 31:2, 1999 pp. 103–123.
  • Chanda, Nayan (2007). Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Warriors and Adventurers Shaped Globalization. Yale University Press, New Haven. ISBN 978-0-300-11201-6.
  • Fernando, Salvetti, ed. (2010). "Glocal" Working. Living and Working across the World with Cultural Intelligence. Milan: Franco Angeli. ISBN 978-88-568-2733-0. Archived from the original on 2018-04-20. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
  • Glyn, Andrew (2006). Capitalism Unleashed: Finance, Globalization, and Welfare. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-922679-2. Archived from the original on 2010-12-26.
  • Kitching, Gavin (2001). Seeking Social Justice through Globalization. Escaping a Nationalist Perspective. Penn State Press. ISBN 0-271-02162-4. Archived from the original on 2007-11-28.
  • Kohler, Gernot; Emilio José Chaves, eds. (2003). Globalization: Critical Perspectives. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 1-59033-346-2. With contributions by Samir Amin, Christopher Chase-Dunn, Andre Gunder Frank, Immanuel Wallerstein. Pre-publication download of Chapter 5: The European Union: global challenge or global governance? 14 world system hypotheses and two scenarios on the future of the Union, pages 93 – 196 Arno Tausch at http://edoc.vifapol.de/opus/volltexte/2012/3587/pdf/049.pdf.
  • Mander, Jerry; Edward Goldsmith (1996). The case against the global economy: and for a turn toward the local. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. ISBN 0-87156-865-9.
  • Moore, Karl; David Charles Lewis (2009). Origins of Globalization. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-80598-8.
  • Murray, Warwick E. (2006). Geographies of Globalization. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31799-1.
  • Neumann, Iver B.; Ole Jacob Sending (2010). Governing the Global Polity: Practice, Mentality, Rationality. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-07093-0.
  • Osterhammel, Jürgen; Niels P. Petersson (2005). Globalization: A Short History. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12165-6.
  • Pfister, Ulrich (2012). Globalization. Mainz: Institute of European History.
  • Reinsdorf, Marshall and Matthew J. Slaughter (2009). International Trade in Services and Intangibles in the Era of Globalization. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70959-8.
  • Sen, Amartya (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0375406190.
  • Sirkin, Harold L.; James W. Hemerling; Arindam K. Bhattacharya (2008). Globality: Competing with Everyone from Everywhere for Everything. New York: Business Plus. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-446-17829-7.
  • Smith, Charles (2007). International Trade and Globalisation, 3rd edition. Stocksfield: Anforme. ISBN 978-1-905504-10-7.
  • Steger, Manfred (2002). Globalism: the new market ideology. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-0072-1.
  • Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2002). Globalization and Its Discontents. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-32439-7.
  • Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2006). Making Globalization Work. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-06122-1.
  • Tausch, Arno (2008). Multicultural Europe: Effects of the Global Lisbon Process. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60456-806-6.
  • Tausch, Arno (2015). The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui (1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York. ISBN 978-1-62948-899-8.
  • Osle, Rafael Domingo (2010). The New Global Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521193870.
  • Wolf, Martin (2004). Why Globalization Works. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10252-9.

External links edit

  • Comprehensive discussion of the term at the Site Global Transformations Archived 2009-10-12 at the Portuguese Web Archive
  • Globalization Website (Emory University) Links, Debates, Glossary etc.
  • BBC News Special Report – "Globalisation"
  • "Resilience, Panarchy, and World-Systems Analysis", from the Ecology and Society Journal
  • "Globalization" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Analysis of the idea and its history.
  • OECD Globalization statistics
  • YaleGlobal Online
  • Global 3000 Globalization Program by Deutsche Welle-TV