After the attack on Taranto and the success of Operation Compass, an offensive in Cyrenaica, Libya from December 1940 – February 1941, the British conducted operations to neutralize Italian forces in the Dodecanese islands. Admiral Andrew Cunningham, the commander of the Mediterranean Fleet planned to occupy Kastelorizo, the easternmost Greek island in the chain just off the Turkish coast, about 80 mi (70 nmi; 130 km) from Rhodes to establish a motor torpedo boat base at a time when Axis air attacks on Malta had led to the last flying boat being withdrawn to Alexandria.^[4] The operation was intended as a first step towards the control of the Aegean Sea.^[3][5] Despite isolation, Italian naval and air forces in the area were still capable of carrying out hit-and-run attacks on Allied shipping between Egypt and Greece.^[6]

24 February edit

The British planned to land a force of about 200 men of No. 50 Commando, assisted by a 24-man detachment of Royal Marines to establish a beachhead on the island, to be followed 24-hours later by an army unit to consolidate the British position.^[7][8] On 24 February the commandos, transported by the destroyers HMS Decoy and Hereward and the marines, on the gunboat HMS Ladybird, sailed from Suda Bay. The second force, a company of Sherwood Foresters on board the armed yacht HMS Rosaura, escorted by the light cruisers HMAS Perth and HMS Bonaventure, awaited developments in Cyprus.^[1]

25 February edit

Before dawn, fifty of the commandos landed from ten whaleboats on Nifti Point, south of the settlement, while the Royal Marines occupied the harbour.^[1] The landings were supported by the submarine HMS Parthian, which had previously made a reconnaissance of the landing points and acted as a beacon for the incoming ships.^[6][9] The Italian garrison on Kastelorizo consisted of 35 soldiers and agents of the Guardia di Finanza in charge of a wireless station.^[6] The commandos ambushed an Italian patrol on the truck between Nifti Point and the port, killing two soldiers and wounding one.^[1] The British surprised the garrison, seized the radio outpost and inflicted 13 casualties, including twelve prisoners, the rest of the commandos coming ashore during the action.^[4] Before being overrun, the Italians had managed to send a message to Rhodes, the main Italian air and naval base in the Dodecanese. Ammiraglio di Divisione (Vice Admiral) Luigi Biancheri, commander of the Italian naval forces in the Aegean Sea reacted swiftly. From 08:00 and 09:30, aircraft of the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) raided the harbour castle and the main hills of the island, where the commandos were dug in. Ladybird was struck by a bomb and three sailors were wounded. Short of fuel, Ladybird re-embarked the Royal Marines and made for Haifa, which cut the radio link of the commandos with Alexandria.^[10][11] After communications breakdowns and other mishaps, the follow-up force from Cyprus was diverted to Alexandria.^[12]

26 February edit

The Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) counter-attack began after sunset on 26 February, when the torpedo boats Lupo and Lince landed about 240 soldiers north of the port and used their 3.9 in (99 mm) guns to bombard British positions at the docks and the Governor's palace, killing three and wounding seven commandos. The Italian warships evacuated a number of Italian civilians who had gathered at harbour after learning of their presence in the port.^[6][13]

27 February edit

Biancheri, with Lupo, Lince, MAS 546 and MAS 561, landed troops on the morning of 27 February, the operation having been delayed by high seas. Italian forces already ashore harassed the exhausted and isolated British commandos, who were equipped only for a 24-hour operation.^[6][14] The destroyers Francesco Crispi and Quintino Sella arrived later in the day with more ground forces; a total of 258 troops and 80 marines were eventually disembarked by Italian ships. As the Italians attacked, the commandos retreated to their encampment at the landing beach near Nifti point, under fire from Lupo. One company remained in the area of the local cemetery.^[1] The captain of Hereward was warned by the commandos and joined Decoy, about 40 mi (35 nmi; 64 km) off the coast. The commander ordered the warships to disrupt the Italian landings but the destroyers did not find the Italian ships. Hereward reported that the Italian surface action threatened the landing of the main British force embarked on Rosaura, which had already been compromised by the air attacks on the harbour. The landing was postponed and rearranged, to be carried out by the destroyers Decoy and Hero, after embarking the Sherwood Foresters company from Rosaura. The ships were ordered to Alexandria to reorganise; Admiral Renouf fell ill and was replaced by Captain Egerton, commander of Bonaventure, which complicated matters.^[15]

28 February edit

More British forces from Alexandria arrived in the early hours of 28 February. A platoon of the Sherwood Foresters found the landing point abandoned by the commandos; along with scattered equipment and ammunition were a dead soldier and two stragglers, who told them of the Italian counter-attack.^[16] Major Cooper of the Sherwood Foresters, who had sailed back to Decoy, concluded, after talks with the other commanders, that lack of naval and air support made withdrawal inevitable. The bulk of the landing party, isolated on a small plateau in the east end of Kastelorizo, was re-embarked by 03:00.^[15] Italian troops surrounded and eventually captured a number of commandos who had been left behind.^[1] While covering the withdrawal, HMS Jaguar was attacked by Crispi, which had fired twenty shells on British positions at Nifti Point, steaming from the south.^[17] The Italian destroyer fired two torpedoes which missed and Jaguar replied with her 4.7 in (120 mm) main armament. Jaguar received a 40 mm hit on her searchlight that made its gunfire ineffective and the British force sailed back to Alexandria.^[15][17] The destroyers HMS Nubian, Hasty and Jaguar made a sweep between Rhodes and Kastelorizo after a radar contact and detecting wireless traffic in the area but failed to intercept the Italian warships as they returned to base.^[18]

Analysis edit

Cunningham described the operation as "a rotten business and reflected little credit to everyone" and laid blame on Renouf.^[3][19] A Board of Inquiry found that Hereward's commander made a misjudgement by rejoining Decoy, instead of engaging the Italian force without delay, which caused the failure of the main landing and the isolation of the commandos.^[15] British commanders had also been surprised by the Italian riposte, especially the frequent air attacks which were unopposed.^[20][21][12] Greene and Massignani, writing in 1998, noted the British capture of Y-I, an Italian cipher book.^[4]

In 2009, Vincent O'Hara wrote that the operation showed that the Italians dominated the seas around even their outlying bases and that this was not to be the last time that the British underestimated them.^[19] The Italians retained control of the Dodecanese Islands until the armistice of September 1943. When Italy changed sides, British forces landed on the islands to support the Italian garrisons in the Dodecanese Campaign (8 September – 22 November 1943). British and Italian troops were attacked and defeated by a German operation and the islands came under German control until the end of the war.^[22]

Casualties edit

In 1998, Greene and Massignani wrote that the British suffered three men killed, eleven wounded and 27 missing for an Italian loss of eight men killed, eleven wounded and ten missing.^[4]

Regia Marina edit

• Admiral Luigi Biancheri
• destroyers
  • Francesco Crispi
  • Quintino Sella
• torpedo boats
  • Lupo
  • Lince
• MAS motor launches
  • MAS-541
  • MAS-546
• Garrison:
  • 30 signallers
  • 10 carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza (custom agents)
• Landing force
  • 240 infantry
  • 88 marines

Royal Navy edit

• Admiral Andrew Cunningham
• Suda Force:
• destroyers
  • HMS Hereward
  • HMS Decoy
• gunboat
  • HMS Ladybird
• submarine
  • HMS Parthian
  • Commandos: 200
  • Marines: 24
• Cyprus Force (3rd Cruiser Squadron)
  • HMAS Perth
  • HMS Bonaventure
• Armed yacht
  • Rosaura
• Garrison Force c. 150 soldiers
• Alexandria Force destroyers
  • HMS Jaguar
  • HMS Hero

• Convention between Italy and Turkey, 1932
• Balkans Campaign
• Dodecanese Campaign
• Operation Mandibles

Books edit

• Bragadin, Marc'Antonio (1957). The Italian Navy in World War II. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-405-13031-7.
• Cunningham, Andrew Browne (1999). The Cunningham Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope, O.M., K.T., G.C.B., D.S.O. and Two Bars, Volume 140. London: Ashgate for the Navy Records Society. ISBN 9781840146226.
• Greene, Jack; Massignani, Alessandro (1998). The Naval War in the Mediterranean, 1940–1943. London: Chatham. ISBN 1-86176-057-4.
• Koburger, Charles W. Jr (1993). Naval Warfare in the Eastern Mediterranean (1940–1945). Westport, CN: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-94465-4.
• O'Hara, Vincent (2009). Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-648-3.
• O'Hara, Vincent P. (2013). In Passage Perilous: Malta and the Convoy Battles of June 1942. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00603-5.
• Playfair, I. S. O.; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, S. E. (1957) [1st. pub. HMSO 1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-065-3.
• Roskill, S. W. (1960). The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Offensive Part 1: 1st June 1943 – 31st May 1944. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. III. London: HMSO. OCLC 1099743425.
• Sadkovich, James (1994). The Italian Navy in World War II. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 1-86176-057-4.
• Seymour, William (1985). British Special Forces. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 0-283-98873-8.
• Simpson, Michael (2004). A Life of Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham. A Twentieth-Century Naval Leader. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5197-4.
• Smith, Peter; Walker, Edwin (1974). War in the Aegean. London: Kimber. ISBN 0-7183-0422-5.
• Titterton, G. A. (2002). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5205-9.

Websites edit

• "Fasti e declino di un'isola del Mediterraneo" [Glory and Decline of a Mediterranean Island]. Castelrosso (in Italian). 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.

• Santoni, Alberto (1981). Il Vero Traditore: Il ruolo documentato di ULTRA nella guerra [True Traitor: The Documented Role of ULTRA in the War] (in Italian). Milano: Mursia. OCLC 491163648.
• Santoro, G. (1957) [1950]. L'aeronautica italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale [The Italian Air Force in WWII] (PDF). Vol. I (2nd ed.). Milano-Roma: Edizione Esse. OCLC 900980719. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
• Santoro, G. (1957). L'aeronautica italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale [The Italian Air Force in WWII] (PDF). Vol. II (1st ed.). Milano-Roma: Edizione Esse. OCLC 60102091. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.

• British Aegean Campaign, 1943