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List of role-playing video games: 1975 to 1985 
Summary
This list related to video games is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2021) |
This is a comprehensive index of commercial role-playing video games, sorted chronologically by year. Information regarding date of release, developer, publisher, operating system, subgenre and notability is provided where available. The table can be sorted by clicking on the small boxes next to the column headings. This list does not include MUDs or MMORPGs. It does include roguelikes, action RPGs and tactical RPGs.
Legend edit
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List edit
| Year | Title | Developer | Publisher | Setting | Platform | Subgenre | Series/Notes | COO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 (NA) | dnd | Gary Whisenhunt, Ray Wood, Dirk Pellett, Flint Pellett | Fantasy | PLATO | US | |||
| 1975 (NA) | m199h | Fantasy | PLATO | Later deleted and lost to history.[1][failed verification] | US | |||
| 1975 (NA) | Dungeon | Don Daglow | Fantasy | PDP-10 | US | |||
| 1975 (NA) | Dungeon | John Daleske, others | Fantasy | PLATO | US | |||
| 1975 (NA) | Moria | Kevet Duncombe, others | Fantasy | PLATO | US | |||
| 1975 (NA) | pedit5 | Rusty Rutherford | Fantasy | PLATO | US | |||
| 1975 (NA)[2] | orthanc | Eric Hagstrom, Larry Kemp, Paul Resch | Fantasy | PLATO | Named after Saruman's tower in The Lord of the Rings.[3] Based on pedit5.[1] |
US | ||
| 1977 (NA)[4] | Oubliette | Jim Schwaiger | Fantasy | PLATO | "Oubliette" is French for "dungeon". | US | ||
| 1977 (NA) | DND | Daniel M Lawrence | Fantasy | PDP-10 | US | |||
| 1978 (NA) | Beneath Apple Manor | Software Factory | Fantasy | APPII | Roguelike | Lo-res/Text mode graphics.[5] | US | |
| 1979 (NA) | Akalabeth: World of Doom | Richard Garriott | California Pacific | Fantasy | APPII DOS |
Sometimes known as Ultima 0. | US | |
| 1979 (NA) | avatar | Bruce Maggs, Andrew Shapira, David Sides | Fantasy | PLATO | US | |||
| 1979 (NA) | Dungeon of Death | Instant Software, Inc | Fantasy | PET | Dungeon crawl | Based on the PLATO game DND.[6] | US | |
| 1979 (NA) | Dunjonquest: The Datestones of Ryn | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | APPII PET TRS80 |
US | ||
| 1979 (NA) | Dunjonquest: Morloc's Tower | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | APPII PET TRS80 |
US | ||
| 1979 (NA) | Space I | Edu-Ware | Edu-Ware | Sci-Fi | APPII | An adaptation of Traveller, which was taken off the market after a lawsuit by Game Designers Workshop. | US | |
| 1979 (NA) | Space II | Edu-Ware | Edu-Ware | Sci-Fi | APPII | Expansion to Space. | US | |
| 1979 (NA) | Temple of Apshai | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | PET TRS80 |
Dungeon crawl | Series debuts. | US |
| 1979 (NA) | Wilderness Campaign | Synergistic Software | Synergistic Software | Fantasy | APPII | Sequel to Dungeon Campaign for Apple II | US | |
| 1980 (NA) | Dunjonquest: The Datestones of Ryn | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | ATR (Port) | Dungeon crawl | US | |
| 1980 (NA) | Eamon | Donald Brown | Fantasy | APPII | Adventure-RPG | Adventure-RPG construction system.[7] | US | |
| 1980 (NA) | Fracas | Quality (Stuart Smith) | Computersmiths | Fantasy | APPII | US | ||
| 1980 (NA) | Rogue | Michael Toy, et al. | Various | Fantasy | UNIX | Roguelike | This was the beginning of roguelike computer games. For further developments see Chronology of roguelike video games. | US |
| 1980 (NA) | Dunjonquest: Hellfire Warrior | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | APPII TRS80 PET |
Dungeon crawl | Sequel to Temple of Apshai | US |
| 1980 (NA) | Odyssey: The Compleat Apventure | Synergistic Software | Synergistic Software | Fantasy | APPII | Combines Dungeon Campaign and Wilderness Campaign by the same author.[8] | US | |
| 1980 (NA) | Dunjonquest: Morloc's Tower | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | ATR (Port) | US | ||
| 1980 (NA) | Starquest: Rescue at Rigel | Epyx | Epyx | Sci-fi | APPII TRS80 |
Spin-off of Dunjonquest series. | US | |
| 1980 (NA) | Starquest: Star Warrior | Epyx | Epyx | Sci-fi | TRS80 | Spin-off of Dunjonquest series. | US | |
| 1980 (NA) | Temple of Apshai | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | APPII (Port) | US | ||
| 1981 (NA) | Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves | Quality | Quality | Fantasy | ATR | Remake of Fracas | US | |
| 1981 (NA) | Dunjonquest: Datestones of Ryn | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | ATR (Port) | US | ||
| 1981 (NA) | The Keys of Acheron | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | APPII TRS80 |
Expansion of Temple of Apshai: Hellfire Warrior. | US | |
| 1981 (NA) | Dunjonquest: Morloc's Tower | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | ATR (Port) | US | ||
| 1981 (NA) | Quest 1 | Brian Reynolds | SoftSide | Fantasy | TRS80 APPII (Port) ATR (Port) |
Dungeon crawl | US | |
| 1981 (NA) | Starquest: Rescue at Rigel | Epyx | Epyx | Sci-fi | ATR | Spin-off of Dunjonquest series. | US | |
| 1981 (NA) | Starquest: Star Warrior | Epyx | Epyx | Sci-fi | APPII ATR |
Spin-off of Dunjonquest series. | US | |
| 1981 (NA) | SwordThrust | Donald Brown | CE Software | Fantasy | APPII | Adventure-RPG | Enhanced remake of Eamon for Apple II.[9] | US |
| 1981 (NA) | Temple of Apshai | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | ATR (Port) | Series debuts. | US | |
| 1981 (NA) | Ultima | Richard Garriott | California Pacific | Fantasy | APPII | Series debuts. Re-released by Origin in 1986. |
US | |
| 1981 (NA) | Upper Reaches of Apshai | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | APPII TRS80 |
Expansion for Temple of Apshai. | US | |
| 1981 (NA) | Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord | Sir-Tech | Sir-Tech | Fantasy | APPII | Dungeon crawl | Dungeon crawl in the style of the PLATO RPGs. Series debuts. |
US |
| 1982 (NA) | Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Cartridge (NA) | APh (NA) | Mattel (NA) | Fantasy | INT[10] | Action-adventure game[11][12] Dungeon crawl |
US | |
| 1982 (NA) | Apventure to Atlantis | Synergistic Software | Synergistic Software | Fantasy | APPII | Sequel to Odyssey: The Compleat Apventure.[13] | US | |
| 1982 (JP) | Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves | Quality | Quality | Fantasy | APPII (Port) | US | ||
| 1982 (NA) | Curse of Ra | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | APPII ATR DOS TRS80 |
Expansion of Temple of Apshai. | US | |
| 1982 (JP) | Danchizuma no Yuwaku (JP) 団地妻の誘惑 (JP) |
Koei (JP) | Koei (JP) | Modern | PC88 FM7 |
Adventure RPG[14][15] Eroge[16] |
JP | |
| 1982 (NA) | Danger in Drindisti | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | APPII ATR TRS80 |
Expansion of Temple of Apshai: Hellfire Warrior. | US | |
| 1982 (NA) | Dragonstomper (NA) | Starpath (NA) | Starpath (NA) | Fantasy | ATR26[17] | Pre-JRPG[18][19] | US | |
| 1982 (NA) | Dungeons of Daggorath | DynaMicro (Douglas J. Morgan, Keith S. Kiyohara) | Tandy | Fantasy | TRSCC | Dungeon crawl Real-time, but text-driven |
US | |
| 1982 (NA) | Dunzhin | Intelligent Statements | ScreenPlay Computer Applications Unlimited Med Systems Software |
Fantasy | APPII PCB TRS80 |
Roguelike[20] | Part 1 of Warriors of Ras | US |
| 1982 (NA) | Hellfire Warrior | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | ATR (Port) | Sequel to Temple of Apshai. | US | |
| 1982 (NA) | Keys of Acheron, The | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | ATR (Port) | Expansion to Temple of Apshai: Hellfire Warrior. | US | |
| 1982 (NA) | Mazies & Crazies | TAB Books | TAB Books | Fantasy | TRS-80 | Example program in how-to programming book [21] | US | |
| 1982 (NA) | Starquest: Rescue at Rigel | Epyx | Epyx | Sci-fi | VIC20 (Port) | Spin-off of Dunjonquest series. | US | |
| 1982 (NA) | Sword of Fargoal | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | VIC20 | Roguelike[22] | US | |
| 1982 (NA) | Telengard | Avalon Hill | Avalon Hill | Fantasy | APPII ATR PET TRS80 |
Early roguelike relative | Based on DND. | US |
| 1982 (NA) | Temple of Apshai | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | DOS (Port) | US | ||
| 1982 (NA) | Tunnels of Doom | Kevin Kenney | Texas Instruments | Fantasy | TI99 | US | ||
| 1982 (NA) | Ultima II:The Revenge of the Enchantress | Richard Garriott | Sierra | Fantasy | APPII | US | ||
| 1982 (NA) | Upper Reaches of Apshai | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | ATR (Port) DOS (Port) |
Expansion of Temple of Apshai. | US | |
| 1982 (NA) | Wizardry II: The Knight of Diamonds | Sir-Tech | Sir-Tech | Fantasy | APPII | US | ||
| 1983 (NA) | Advanced Dungeons & Dragons: Treasure of Tarmin (NA) | APh (NA) | Mattel (NA) | Fantasy | INT[10] | Turn-based[23] Dungeon crawl[24] |
US | |
| 1983 (NA) | Amulet, The | Numenor Microsystems | Numenor Microsystems | Fantasy | DOS | [25] | CA | |
| 1983 (NA) | Beneath Apple Manor | Quality Software | Fantasy | DOS (Port) ATR (Port) |
Roguelike | Graphical or textmode options.[26] | US | |
| 1983 (JP) | Bokosuka Wars (JP) ボコスカウォーズ (JP) |
Koji Sumii (JP) | ASCII (JP) | Fantasy | X1 MSX (Port) NES (Port) |
Tactical RPG[27] RTS/RPG[28] Action RPG[29][30] |
JP | |
| 1983 (NA) | Expedition Amazon | Penguin Software | Penguin Software | Modern | APPII | [31] | US | |
| 1983 (NA) | Gateway to Apshai | Connelley Group | Epyx | Fantasy | ATR C64 |
US | ||
| 1983 (NA) | Morloc's Tower | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | PCB (Port) | Port of Dunjonquest: Morloc's Tower for TRS80.[32] | US | |
| 1983 (JP) | Nobunaga's Ambition (JP) 信長の野望 (JP) |
Koei (JP) | Koei (JP) | Historical | MSX NES (Port) |
Tactical RPG[33] | Series debuts. | JP |
| 1983 (NA) | Rescue at Rigel | Epyx | Epyx | Sci-fi | DOS (Port) PCB (Port) |
Port of Rescue at Rigel for TRS80.[34] | US | |
| 1983 (JP) | Return of Heracles | Quality (Stuart Smith) | Quality | Fantasy | ATR | US | ||
| 1983 (NA) | Star Warrior | Epyx | Epyx | Sci-fi | DOS (Port) | Port of Star Warrior for TRS80.[34] | US | |
| 1983 (NA) | Telengard | Avalon Hill Kiya Overseas Industry Co., Ltd |
Avalon Hill | Fantasy | C64 (Port) FM7 (Port) |
US | ||
| 1983 (NA) | Temple of Apshai | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | C64 (Port) VIC20 (Port) |
Port of Temple of Apshai for TRS80. | US | |
| 1983 (NA) | Curse of Ra | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | C64 (Port) | Expansion of Temple of Apshai. | US | |
| 1983 (NA) | Ultima | Richard Garriott | Sierra | Fantasy | ATR (Port) | US | ||
| 1983 (NA) | Ultima II:The Revenge of the Enchantress | Richard Garriott | Sierra | Fantasy | ATR (Port) C64 (Port) DOS (Port) |
US | ||
| 1983 (NA) | Ultima III: Exodus | Origin | Origin | Fantasy | APPII ATR (Port) C64 (Port) |
Pioneered many innovations that would become standard on many CRPGs that followed. | US | |
| 1983 (NA) | Ultima: Escape from Mount Drash | Keith Zabalaoui | Sierra | Fantasy | VIC20 | US | ||
| 1983 (NA) | Upper Reaches of Apshai | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | C64 (Port) | Expansion of Temple of Apshai. | US | |
| 1983 (EU) | Volcanic Dungeon | Carnell Software | Roy Carnell and Stuart A. Galloway | Fantasy | ZX ZX81 DG32 |
Roguelike adventure-RPG[35] | Sequel to Black Crystal. | UK |
| 1983 (EU) | Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord | Sir-Tech | Ediciel | Fantasy | APPII | French translation of Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord. | US | |
| 1983 (NA) | Wizardry III: Legacy of Llylgamyn | Sir-Tech | Sir-Tech | Fantasy | APPII | Dungeon crawl | US | |
| 1984 (JP) | Age of Adventure | Quality | Quality | Fantasy | APPII (Comp) ATR (Comp) C64 (Comp) |
Port and compilation of Return of Heracles and Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves for ATR. | US | |
| 1984 (JP) | Black Onyx, The (JP) ザ・ブラックオニキス (JP) |
Bullet-Proof (JP) | Bullet-Proof (JP) | Fantasy | PC88 | Dungeon crawl[36] | Often considered the first Japanese RPG ever released[37] | JP |
| 1984 (JP) | The Black Onyx II: Search for the Fire Crystal (JP) ザ・ブラックオニキス (JP) |
Bullet-Proof (JP) | Bullet-Proof (JP) | Fantasy | PC88 | Dungeon crawl[38] | JP | |
| 1984 (UK) | The Citadel of Chaos | Puffin Books | Puffin Books | Fantasy | C64 ZX |
Adaptation of the Fighting Fantasy gamebook.[39] | UK | |
| 1984 (JP/NA) | Dragon Buster (JP) ドラゴンバスター (JP) |
Namco (JP) | Namco (JP) | Fantasy | Arcade PC88 MSX NES |
Action RPG[40] Dungeon crawl[41] |
Series debuts. | JP |
| 1984 (JP) | Dragon Slayer (JP) ドラゴンスレイヤー (JP) |
Nihon Falcom (JP) | Nihon Falcom (JP) | Fantasy | PC88 | Action RPG[42][43] JRPG[43] |
Series debuts. | JP |
| 1984 (NA) | DND | R. O. Software | R. O. Software | Fantasy | DOS | Port of TOPS-10 version of DND by Daniel Lawrence.[44] | US | |
| 1984 (NA) | Expedition Amazon | Penguin Software | Penguin Software (US) Starcraft Incorporated (J) |
Modern | C64 FM7 PC88 PC98 |
[45] | US | |
| 1984 (EU) | The Forest of Doom | Puffin Books | Puffin Books | Fantasy | C64 ZX |
Adaptation of the Fighting Fantasy Gamebook.[46] | UK | |
| 1984 (NA) | Gateway to Apshai (NA) | The Connely Group (NA) | Epyx (NA) | Fantasy | CLV[47] | Dungeon crawl[48] | UK | |
| 1984 (JP) | Hydlide (JP) ハイドライド (JP) |
T&E (JP) | T&E (JP) | Fantasy | PC88 PC98 |
Action RPG[49] JRPG[49] |
Series debuts. | JP |
| 1984 (NA) | Lords of Midnight, The | Mike Singleton | Beyond Software Amsoft |
Fantasy | ZX CPC |
Adventure-RPG | UK | |
| 1984 (JP) | Psychic City (JP) サイキックシティ (JP) |
HOT·B | HOT·B | Post-apocalyptic | PC88[50] FM7[51] |
JP | ||
| 1984 (NA) | Questron | SSI | SSI | Fantasy | APPII ATR C64 |
Series debuts. | US | |
| 1984 (NA) | Shadowkeep | Ultrasoft Inc. | Trillium Corp. | Fantasy | APPII | Adapted into a novel by Alan Dean Foster | US | |
| 1984 (NA) | SunDog: Frozen Legacy | FTL | FTL Accolade |
Sci-Fi | APPII | US | ||
| 1984 (NA/JP) | Telengard | Avalon Hill | Eclipse Software (NA) Kiya Overseas Industry, Ltd. (JP) |
Fantasy | C64 (Port) PC88 (Port) PC98 (Port) |
US | ||
| 1984 (JP/NA) | Tower of Druaga, The (JP) ドルアーガの塔 (JP) |
Namco | Namco | Fantasy | Arcade | Action RPG[43] JRPG[43] |
Series debuts. | JP |
| 1984 (NA) | Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord | Sir-Tech | Sir-Tech | Fantasy | PCB (Port) | US | ||
| 1984 (EU) | Wrath of Magra, The | Mastervision | Carnell Software (Roy Carnell, Stephen Kirk, Stuart A. Galloway) | Fantasy | ZX | Sequel to Volcanic Dungeon. | UK | |
| 1984 (NA) | Xyphus | Penguin Software | Penguin Software | Fantasy | APPII C64 |
US | ||
| 1984 (NA) | Zyll | IBM | IBM | Fantasy | PCB | Text-based with randomized layout.[52] | US | |
| 1985 (NA) 1984 (EU) |
Stuart Smith's Adventure Construction Set | Ariolasoft UK Electronic Arts |
Fantasy Sci-Fi |
C64 APPII |
RPG maker with sample games. | US | ||
| 1984 (EU) | Dungeon of Doom | Usborne Publishing | Usborne Publishing | Fantasy | CROSS | Example program in how-to programming book [53] | UK | |
| 1985 (NA/UK) | Alternate Reality: The City | Paradise | Datasoft U.S. Gold |
Sci-Fi | ATR | Series debuts. | US | |
| 1985 (NA) | Autoduel | Origin Systems | Origin Systems | Post-apocalyptic | AMI APPII ATR C64 DOS MAC ST |
Based on Car Wars, by Steve Jackson Games. | US | |
| 1985 (NA) | Bards Tale, The | Interplay | EA | Fantasy | APPII C64 |
The first CRPG to put Interplay on the map as a future CRPG developer. | US | |
| 1985 (JP/PAL) | Black Onyx, The (JP/PAL) ザ・ブラックオニキス (JP) |
Bullet-Proof | Bullet-Proof ASCII |
Fantasy | FM7 MSX[54] |
Dungeon crawl[36][37] | JP | |
| 1985 (JP) | Cosmic Soldier (JP) コズミックソルジャー (JP) |
Kogado | Kogado ASCII |
Sci-Fi | MSX2[54] PC88[55] |
Dungeon crawl[55] Eroge[55] |
JP | |
| 1985 (JP) | Courageous Perseus (JP) カレイジアスペルセウス (JP) |
Cosmos computer | Cosmos computer | Fantasy | MSX[54] | Action RPG | JP | |
| 1985 (NA) | Doomdark's Revenge | Mike Singleton | Beyond Software | Fantasy | ZX CPC C64 |
Adventure-RPG | Sequel to The Lords of Midnight | UK |
| 1985 (JP) | Dragon Slayer (JP) ドラゴンスレイヤー (JP) |
Nihon Falcom | Square | Fantasy | MSX[54] | Action RPG[42][43] | JP | |
| 1985 (JP) | Dragon Slayer II: Xanadu (JP) ザナドゥ (JP) |
Nihon Falcom | Nihon Falcom | Fantasy | PC88 PC98 |
Action RPG[56] | JP | |
| 1985 (JP) | Earth Fighter Rayieza, The (JP) Chikyū Senshi Raīza (JP) 地球戦士ライーザ (JP) |
Enix | Enix | Sci-Fi | PC88 FM7 X1 MSX |
Action RPG | JP | |
| 1985 (JP) | Fantasian (JP) | Xtalsoft | Xtalsoft | Fantasy | PC88 X1 |
Dungeon crawl | JP | |
| 1985 (JP) | Genesis: Beyond The Revelation (JP) Genesis (JP) ジェネシス (JP) |
Square | Square | Post-apocalyptic | PC88[57][58] | JP | ||
| 1985 (JP) | Hydlide (JP) ハイドライド (JP) |
T&E | T&E | Fantasy | MSX[54] MSX2[54] |
Action RPG[49] | JP | |
| 1985 (JP) | Hydlide II: Shine of Darkness (JP) ハイドライド II (JP) |
T&E | T&E | Fantasy | PC88 | Action RPG[49] | JP | |
| 1985 (EU) | Mandragore | Infogrames Entertainment | Infogrames Entertainment | Fantasy | APPII | [59] | FR | |
| 1985 (JP) | Moebius: The Orb of Celestial Harmony | Origin | Origin | Fantasy | APPII | US | ||
| 1985 (JP) | Outroyd (JP) アウトロイド (JP) |
Stratford Computer Center | MagicalZoo | Sci-Fi | MSX[54] | JP | ||
| 1985 (NA) | Phantasie | SSI | SSI | Fantasy | APPII | Series debuts. | US | |
| 1985 (NA) | Phantasie | Logical Design | SSI | Fantasy | C64 (Port) | Port of Phantasie for APPII. Series debuts. |
US | |
| 1985 (JP) | Rambo (JP) ランボー (JP) |
Pack-In-Video | Pack-In-Video | Modern | MSX[54] | Action RPG[60] | JP | |
| 1985 (JP) | Screamer, The (JP) | Magical Zoo | Magical Zoo | Post-apocalyptic Survival horror |
PC88 PC98 |
Action RPG[61] Role-playing shooter[61][62] |
JP | |
| 1985 (NA) | SunDog: Frozen Legacy | FTL | FTL | Sci-Fi | ST (Port) | US | ||
| 1985 (NA) | Telengard | Avalon Hill | Avalon Hill | Fantasy | DOS (Port) | US | ||
| 1985 (NA) | Temple of Apshai Trilogy | Epyx | Epyx | Fantasy | AMI (Comp) APPII (Comp) ATR (Comp) C64 (Comp) DOS (Comp) |
Remake and compilation of the first three Temple of Apshai games. | US | |
| 1985 (JP) | Tower of Druaga, The (JP) ドルアーガの塔 (JP) |
Namco | Namco | Fantasy | NES MSX X68 |
Action RPG[63] JRPG[43] |
Port of The Tower of Druaga for the Arcade. | JP |
| 1985 (JP) | Tritorn | Sein-soft | Sein-soft | Fantasy | PC88 X1 |
Action RPG[64] | JP | |
| 1985 (NA) | Ultima II:The Revenge of the Enchantress | Richard Garriott | Sierra | Fantasy | MAC (Port) ST (Port) |
US | ||
| 1985 (NA) | Ultima III: Exodus | Origin | Origin | Fantasy | DOS (Port) | US | ||
| 1985 (NA) | Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar | Origin | Origin | Fantasy | APPII C64 (Port) DOS (Port) |
The first major CRPG to move to a "virtuous" story-driven approach. [citation needed] | US | |
| 1985 (NA) | Wizard's Crown | SSI | SSI | Fantasy | DOS | US | ||
| 1985 (NA) | Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord | Sir-Tech | Sir-Tech | Fantasy | MAC (Port) | US | ||
| 1985 (NA) | Xyphus | Penguin Software | Penguin Software | Fantasy | MAC (Port) | Top-down perspective.[65] | US |
References edit
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- ^ Williams, Andrew (2017). History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction. CRC Press. ISBN 9781317503811. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
- ^ King, Brad; Borland, John M. (2003). Dungeons and Dreamers: The Rise of Computer Game Culture from Geek to Chic. McGraw-Hill/Osborne. ISBN 0-07-222888-1. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
- ^ Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 741. ISBN 0-13-101816-7.
Jim Schwaiger's 1977 game Oubliette (inspired by Dungeons & Dragons and Chuck Miller's earlier multiplayer game, Mines of Moria) had a first-person point of view and used line graphics to render the scene ahead. [...] In late 1979, the first ever fully functional graphical virtual world was released: Avatar. Written by a group of students to out-do Oubliette, it was to become the most successful PLATO game ever--it accounted for 6% of all the hours spent on the system between September 1978 and May 1985.
- ^ "Beneath Apple Manor for Apple II (1978) - MobyGames". MobyGames. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
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- ^ "Eamon for Apple II (1980)". Mobygames. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
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- ^ "SwordThrust for Apple II (1981) - MobyGames". MobyGames. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
- ^ a b "Released Intellivision Cartridges". IntellivisionLives.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-16. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
- ^ "List of games: Action Adventure". allgame. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
- ^ Levi Buchanan (March 6, 2008). "Dungeons & Dragons Classic Videogame Retrospective". IGN. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
- ^ "Eclectic Games: History". Eclectic Games. Archived from the original on April 4, 2003. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Danchizuma no Yuuwaku". Legendra. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ "Danchi-zuma no Yuuwaku". GameSpot. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ Pesimo, Rudyard Contretas (2007). "'Asianizing' Animation in Asia: Digital Content Identity Construction Within the Animation Landscapes of Japan and Thailand" (PDF). Reflections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity - The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows. The Nippon Foundation. pp. 124–160.
- ^ Prelude. "Compete Atari 2600 Game Library". listal. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
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- ^ "List of games: Atari 2600 > Role-Playing > Console-style RPG". GameFAQs. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
- ^ "Dunzhin (1982) - MobyGames". MobyGames. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
- ^ "Writing BASIC adventure programs for the TRS-80 (1982) - Frank DaCosta". Archive.org. 1982. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
- ^ "Sword of Fargoal for Commodore (1982) - MobyGames". MobyGames. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
- ^ Brett Weiss (20 December 2011), Classic home video games, 1972-1984: a complete reference guide, McFarland, p. 211, ISBN 9780786487554, retrieved 2011-03-18
- ^ "The Start of the Affair: The Treasure of Tarmin". Destructoid. 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ "The Amulet for DOS (1983) - MobyGames". MobyGames. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
- ^ "Beneath Apple Manor for Apple II (1978) - MobyGames". MobyGames. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
- ^ Bokosuka Wars (translation), Nintendo
- ^ Dru Hill: The Chronicle of Druaga, 1UP
- ^ "Bokosuka Wars". AllGame. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01.
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