List of palaces

Summary

The following is a list of palaces by country.

Afghanistan edit

Albania edit

Algeria edit

Armenia edit

Urartu and Satrapy of Armenia edit

 
Erebuni Palace

Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity) edit

 
Summer Palace of Khosrovidukht

Bagratid Armenia edit

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia edit

Armenian Melikdoms edit

 
The Palace of Armenian Melik Haykazyan

Iranian Armenia edit

 
Hall of mirrors in Sardars Palace of Yerevan
 
Melik-Aghamalyan's Palace in Kond

Republic of Armenia edit

 
Presidential Palace in Yerevan

Australia edit

Austria edit

Azerbaijan edit

Bangladesh edit

 
Ahsan Manzil in Dhaka

Belarus edit

Belgium edit

 
The Royal Palace of Brussels

Brussels edit

Elsewhere edit

Benin edit

Bhutan edit

Bolivia edit

Brazil edit

Brunei edit

Bulgaria edit

Varna and Black Sea coast edit

  • Euxinograd – former royal summer residence located on the Black Sea coast, in the outskirts of Varna. The palace is currently a governmental and presidential retreat hosting cabinet meetings in the summer and offering access for tourists to several villas and hotels as well as the gardens.
 
Euxinograd Palace, Varna.

Ruse edit

Sofia edit

 
Battenberg Palace, Ruse.

Other Historic Palaces edit

The following are historic strongholds throughout the years in the different capitals of Bulgaria. They often housed the royal and patriarchal palaces and are enclosed in defensive walls around their perimeter.

 
Royal Palace of Sofia, now houses the National Art Gallery.

Other Royal Palaces edit

These are mostly hunting lodges and retreats for the Bulgarian Royal Family, located in the Rila Mountain range.

Burundi edit

Cambodia edit

 
 
Royal Palace of Cambodia: Throne Hall (left) and the Khemarin Palace (right)

Canada edit

 
Rideau Hall.

Residences of provincial Lieutenant-Governors:

Chile edit

China edit

The English word "palace" is used to translated the Chinese word 宮 (pronounced "gōng" in Mandarin). This character represents two rooms connected (呂), under a roof (宀). Originally the character applied to any residence or mansion, but starting with the Qin dynasty (3rd century BC) it was used only for the residence of the emperor and members of the imperial family. Chinese palaces are different from post-Renaissance European palaces in the sense that they are not made up of one building only (however big and convoluted the building may be), but are in fact huge spaces surrounded by a wall and containing large separated halls (殿 diàn) for ceremonies and official business, as well as smaller buildings, galleries, courtyards, gardens, and outbuildings, more like the Roman or Carolingian palatium.

The world's largest palace to have ever existed,[12] the Weiyang Palace, was built in the Han dynasty. The world's largest palace currently still in existence,[13][14][15] the Forbidden City, was constructed in the Ming dynasty.

List of Chinese imperial palaces, in chronological order edit

This is an incomplete list of Chinese palaces.

  • Xianyang Palace (咸陽宮), in (Qin) Xianyang (咸陽), now 15 km/9 miles east of modern Xianyang, Shaanxi province: this was the royal palace of the state of Qin before the Chinese unification, and then the palace of the First Emperor when China was unified.
  • Epang Palace (阿房宮 – probable meaning: "The Palace on the Hill"), 20 km/12 miles south of (Qin) Xianyang (咸陽), now 15 km/9 miles west of Xi'an (西安), Shaanxi province: the fabulous imperial palace built by the First Emperor in replacement of Xianyang Palace.
  • Weiyang Palace (未央宮 – "The Endless Palace"), in (Han) Chang'an (長安), now 7 km/4 miles northeast of downtown Xi'an (西安), Shaanxi province: imperial palace of the prestigious Western Han dynasty for two centuries. This is the largest palace ever built on Earth,[12] covering 4.8 km2 (1,200 acres), which is 6.7 times the size of the Forbidden City, or 11 times the size of the Vatican City.
  • Southern Palace (南宮) and Northern Palace (北宮), in Luoyang (洛陽), Henan province: imperial palaces of the Eastern Han Dynasty for two centuries, the Southern Palace being used for court hearings and audiences, Northern Palace being the private residence of the emperor and his concubines.
  • Taiji Palace (太極宮 – "Palace of the Supreme Ultimate"), also known as the Western Apartments (西内), in (Tang) Chang'an (長安), now downtown Xi'an (西安), Shaanxi province: imperial palace during the Sui dynasty (who called it Daxing Palace – 大興宮, "Palace of Great Prosperity") and in the beginning of the Tang dynasty (until A.D. 663). Area: 4.2 km2 (1,040 acres), imperial section proper: 1.92 km2 (474 acres).
  • Daming Palace (大明宮 – "Palace of Great Brightness"), also known as the Eastern Apartments (東内), in (Tang) Chang'an (長安), now downtown Xi'an (西安), Shaanxi province: imperial palace of the Tang dynasty after A.D. 663 (it was briefly named Penglai Palace (蓬萊宮) between 663 and 705), but the prestigious Taiji Palace remained used for major state ceremonies such as coronations. Area: 3.11 km2 (768 acres), almost 4.5 times the size of the Forbidden City.
  • Kaifeng Imperial Palace (東京大内皇宮), in Dongjing (東京), now called Kaifeng (開封), Henan province: imperial palace of the Northern Song dynasty.
  • Hangzhou Imperial Palace (臨安大内禁宮), in Lin'an (臨安), now called Hangzhou (杭州), Zhejiang province: imperial palace of the Southern Song dynasty.
  • Karakorum (哈拉和林), site of the imperial palace of the Mongol Empire.
  • Shangdu (元上都) and Khanbaliq (元大都), locations of the imperial palaces of the Yuan dynasty.
  • Ming Imperial Palace (明故宮), in Nanjing (南京), Jiangsu province: imperial palace of the Ming dynasty until 1421.
 
Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Beijing
 
Xinhua Gate, formal entrance to the Zhongnanhai compound.
  • Forbidden City (紫禁城), now known in China as Beijing's Old Palace (北京故宫), in Jingshi (京師), now called Beijing (北京): imperial palace of the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty from 1421 until 1924. Area: 720,000 m2 (178 acres). The Forbidden City is the world's largest palace currently in existence.[13][14][15]

Apart from the main imperial palace, Chinese dynasties also had several other imperial palaces in the capital city where the empress, crown prince, or other members of the imperial family dwelled. There also existed palaces outside of the capital city called "away palaces" (離宮) where the emperors resided when traveling. The habit also developed of building garden estates in the countryside surrounding the capital city, where the emperors retired at times to get away from the rigid etiquette of the imperial palace, or simply to escape from the summer heat inside their capital. This practice reached a zenith with the Qing dynasty, whose emperors built the fabulous Imperial Gardens (御園), now known in China as the Gardens of Perfect Brightness (圓明園), and better known in English as the Old Summer Palace. The emperors of the Qing Dynasty resided and worked in the Imperial Gardens, 8 km/5 miles outside of the walls of Beijing, the Forbidden City inside Beijing being used only for formal ceremonies.

These gardens were made up of three gardens: the Garden of Perfect Brightness proper, the Garden of Eternal Spring (長春園), and the Elegant Spring Garden (綺春園); they covered a huge area of 3.5 km2 (865 acres), almost 5 times the size of the Forbidden City, and 8 times the size of the Vatican City. comprising hundreds of halls, pavilions, temples, galleries, gardens, lakes, etc. Several famous landscapes of southern China had been reproduced in the Imperial Gardens, hundreds of invaluable Chinese art masterpieces and antiquities were stored in the halls, making the Imperial Gardens one of the largest museum in the world. Some unique copies of literary work and compilations were also stored inside the Imperial Gardens. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, the British and French expeditionary forces looted the Old Summer Palace. Then on October 18, 1860, in order to "punish" the imperial court, which had refused to allow Western embassies inside Beijing, the British general Lord Elgin – with protestations from the French – purposely ordered to set fire to the huge complex which burned to the ground. It took 3500 British troops to set the entire place ablaze and took three whole days to burn. The burning of the Gardens of Perfect Brightness is still a very sensitive issue in China today.

Following this cultural catastrophe, the imperial court was forced to relocate to the old and austere Forbidden City where it stayed until 1924, when the Last Emperor was expelled by a republican army. Empress dowager Cixi (慈禧太后) built the Summer Palace (頤和園 – "The Garden of Nurtured Harmony") near the Old Summer Palace, but on a much smaller scale than the Old Summer Palace. There are currently some projects in China to rebuild the Imperial Gardens, but this appears as a colossal undertaking, and no rebuilding has started yet.

Other palaces edit

Some other palaces include:

Colombia edit

Croatia edit

Czech Republic edit

Prague edit

Elsewhere edit

Denmark edit

 
Amalienborg Palace

Egypt edit

Pharaonic edit

Ptolemaic edit

Roman edit

  • 100 AD Roman palace at El Haiz area in the Bahariya Oasis, western desert.

Arab-Islamic edit

Modern Egypt edit

Estonia edit

Ethiopia edit

  • Jubilee Palace (National Palace) – seat of the president, former imperial palace

Finland edit

France edit

Georgia edit

 
Dadiani Palace Zugdidi, Georgia

Germany edit

Ghana edit

  • The Manhyia Palace (Asantehene's Palace) – seat of the Asantehene of Ashanti, Kumasi
  • The Flagstaff House (Presidential Palace) – seat of government until the late 1970s, Accra
  • The Christianborg (Osu Castle) – former seat of the government till December 2008, Accra
  • The Golden Jubilee Palace (Presidential Palace) formerly known as the "Flagstaff House" – seat of Government since December 2008, Accra

The Abampredease Palace. Palace of Dormaahene

Greece edit

 
The Old Royal Palace today

Haiti edit

Hungary edit

India edit

 
Khas Mahal, Agra Fort, Agra
 
British Residency in Asramam, Kollam city
 
Lake Palace in Udaipur
 
Hazarduari Palace was the residence of the Nawabs of Bengal and is now a museum.
 
Red Fort in Delhi.
 
Cooch Behar Palace

Indonesia edit

 
Istana Merdeka, the President Official Residence in Jakarta.
 
Istana Bogor, the Presidential Palace in Bogor.
 
Istana Maimun or Maimun Palace, seat of Sultanate of Deli in Medan.
 
Puri Agung Klungkung or Klungkung Palace, seat of Kingdom of Klungkung in Klungkung Regency, Bali.
 
Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat or Yogyakarta Royal Palace, seat of Sultanate of Yogyakarta in Yogyakarta.
 
Kraton Surakarta Hadiningrat or Surakarta Royal Palace, seat of Sunanate of Surakarta in Surakarta.

Presidential palaces edit

Royal palaces edit

Iran edit

Palaces and pavilions edit

 
The ruins of Apadana palace in Persepolis (built 2500 years ago during the reign of the Achaemenid Empire)
 
The ruins of Tachara palace in Persepolis (exclusive palace of Darius the Great, one of the interior palaces in Persepolis)
 
Falak-ol-Aflak Castle, Khorramabad
 
Ali Qapu in Isfahan
 
Tabriz Municipality Palace

Castles and citadels edit

Iraq edit

Italy edit

 
View of the gardens of Caserta
 
Ca' Rezzonico, Venice

Rome edit

Florence edit

Venice edit

Elsewhere edit

Japan edit

 
View on Seimon Ishibashi and moat of Imperial Palace, Tokyo

Jordan edit

Raghadan Palace, Amman. Royal Residence of the Hussein Family

Korea edit

 
Gyeongbok Palace, Seoul
 
Gyeongbok Palace and the Blue House, Seoul
 
Deoksu Palace, Seoul

Kuwait edit

  • Seif Palace – the official residence of the head of state
  • Bayan Palace
  • Al Salam Palace – Currently a Museum
  • Kuwait Red Palace – Currently a Museum
  • Dasman Palace – Established in 1904, Sheikh Ahmed Al-Sabah, the tenth ruler of Kuwait in 1930 made it his official residence, It is currently one of Kuwait's historic palaces.
  • Mishref Palace – Located in Mishref and was Built by Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah in 1900, it was restored in the early 1940s.
  • Naif Palace – built In 1919, during the reign of Sheikh Salem Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah. It is currently the Building of Al Asimah Governorate.

Laos edit

 
  • Haw Kham (Presidential Palace) – former residence of President of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Vientiane
 

Latvia edit

Lebanon edit

 
The Grand Serail in Beirut in the late 1800s
 
Panoramic view of the Beiteddine Palace

Lithuania edit

 
Presidential Palace in Vilnius

Luxembourg edit

Malaysia edit

Mexico edit

 
National Palace of Mexico
 
Mexico City's Palace of Fine Arts

Monaco edit

 
The Princely Palace of Monaco

Mongolia edit

Morocco edit

 
The gates of the Royal Palace in Fez
 
Restored salon in the Dar Jamai in Meknes

Myanmar edit

Nepal edit

 
Narayanhiti Palace

The Netherlands edit

 
Soestdijk Palace
 
Het Loo Palace

New Zealand edit

 
Mahinarangi meeting house

Apart from the large complex at Turangawaewae Marae located in the town of Ngaruawahia, the previous Māori Monarch Te Atairangikaahu had a home at Waahi Marae in Huntly where she lived for most of her 40-year reign with her consort Whatumoana Paki. The Māori King or Queen are required to attend 33 Poukai annually conducted at Marae loyal to the Kingitangi movement. Many of these Marae maintain residences for the Māori King or Queen for them to use during such visits.

Nigeria edit

  • Olowo Palace in Owo Ondo State which contains more than one hundred courtyards, each with a unique traditional function. [citation needed]

Norway edit

Oman edit

  • Al Alam Palace – royal residence
  • Bait Barka – Sultan's retreat in Barka
  • Hisn Salalah – the Sultan's main waterfront royal complex residence in Salalah
  • Hisn Seeb – Sultan's Farm in Seeb which contains hundreds of pure bred Arabian Horses.
  • Mamoora Palace – one of Sultans Ranch in Salalah
  • Razat Farm – Sultan's farm in Salalah adjacent to Mamoora Palace
  • Sohar Palace – Sultan's Ranch in Sohar
  • Jibreen palace – was Imam Bularab bin Sultan's summer retreat.
  • Bait al falaj – former royal residence.
  • Hamed bin mohammed palace – residence of Hamed bin Mohammed designed by the famous Fareesh al Ustadh
  • Awlad seif palace – residence of Salim bin Seif.
  • Awlad Murshed palace – designed by Fareesh al Ustadh
  • awlad al Maleel palace – residence of Saeed bin Salim walad al Maleel.

Pakistan edit

 
Mohatta Palace in Karachi, Pakistan.
 
Noor Mahal in Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

Paraguay edit

 
Lopez Presidential Palace in Asunción, Paraguay

Peru edit

Philippines edit

 
The Mansion, Baguio.
  • Coconut Palace
  • Malacañang Palace – the official residence of the president of the Philippines, Manila
  • Malacañang sa Sugbo – the presidential residence in Cebu City
  • The Mansion, Baguio – the presidential residence in Baguio
  • Palacio del Gobernador – historical official residence of former Governor Generals, now used as a government building
  • Ayuntamiento de Manila – former official residence and office of the Mayor of Manila, now houses the Bureau of Treasury.
  • Archbishop's Palace – historical residence of the Arzobispo de Manila in Intramuros
  • Archbishop's Palace – current residence of the Arzobispo de Manila in Villa San Miguel, Mandaluyong.
  • Archbishop's Palace – temporary residence of the Archbishop of Manila in the past, located in San Fernando, Pampanga
  • The Astana Putih or The Sultan's Palace – original residence of the Sultan of Sulu located in Maimbung, Sulu.
  • Torogan – Classical period residences for maranao Sultan.

Poland edit

 
Royal Palace, Warsaw
 
Palace on the Water in Warsaw
 
Branicki Palace in Białystok
 
Krasinski Palace, Warsaw

Warsaw edit

Portugal edit

Qatar edit

  • Al Rayyan Palace
  • Al Wukair Palace
  • Markhiya Palace
  • Barzan Palace
  • Amiri Diwan Palace
  • Umm Salal Palace
  • Al Wajbah Palace
  • Al Gharrafa Palace
  • Al Jassasiya Palace
  • Al Mirgab Palace
  • Al Waab Palace

Romania edit

 
Patriarchal Palace, Bucharest

Bucharest edit

Russia edit

 
Terem Palace
 
Winter Palace
 
Peterhof Palace
 
Catherine Palace
 
Gatchina Palace
 
Massandra Palace

Gatchina edit

Kaliningrad edit

Moscow edit

Oranienbaum edit

Pavlovsk edit

Pella edit

Peterhof edit

Pushkin edit

Ramon edit

Saint Petersburg edit

Strelna edit

Taganrog edit

Tver edit

Rwanda edit

Saudi Arabia edit

Serbia edit

 
Royal Palace of the Obrenović dynasty of Serbia, presently housing the City Assembly of Belgrade

Singapore edit

Slovakia edit

 
Grassalkovich Palace, Bratislava

South Africa edit

 
Palace of Justice, Pretoria

Spain edit

 
Palacio Real, Madrid
 
Olite palace
 
Palau Reial Major
 
Palacio de San Telmo
 
La Granja Palace

Sri Lanka edit

Sweden edit

 
The Royal Palace in Stockholm
 
Drottningholm Palace

Skåne edit

The province of Skåne (Scania) in southernmost Sweden is well known for its many castles.

Syria edit

 
Facade of the Azm Palace of Damascus

Taiwan edit

 
Presidential Office Building, Taipei
 
Taipei Guest House, Taipei
 
Shilin Official Residence

Thailand edit

 
Grand Palace, Bangkok
 
Sanamchan Palace, Nakhon Pathom
 
Bang Pa-In Royal Palace, Ayutthaya Province
  • Ancient Grand Palace (พระราชวังโบราณ) – Former Main Palace of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Ayutthaya
  • Baan Puen Palace (พระรามราชนิเวศน์) – Phetchaburi
  • Bang Pa-In Royal Palace (พระราชวังบางปะอิน) – Summer Palace, Ayutthaya
  • Bang Khun Phrom Palace (วังบางขุนพรหม) – currently, as the Bank of Thailand, Bangkok
  • Bhuban Palace (พระตำหนักภูพานราชนิเวศน์) – royal residence, Sakon Nakhon Province
  • Bhubing Palace (พระตำหนักภูพิงราชนิเวศน์) – royal residence, Chiang Mai
  • Burapha Phirom Palace (วังบูรพาภิรมย์) – currently, as a market, Bangkok
  • Chakrabongse Palace (วังจักรพงษ์) – currently, as a private resort, Bangkok
  • Chakri Bongkot Palace (พระตำหนักจักรีบงกช) – Private residence of the Thai royal family, Bangkok
  • Chankasem Palace (วังจันทรเกษม)
  • Derm Palace (พระราชวังเดิม) or Thon Buri Palace – It was the palace of King Taksin, now used as HQ of Royal Thai Navy
  • Doi Tung Palace (พระตำหนักดอยตุง) – royal residence, Chiang Rai
  • Dusit Palace (พระราชวังดุสิต) – Private residence of the Thai royal family, Bangkok
    • Chitralada Palace (พระตำหนักจิตรลดารโหฐาน) (New Palace) – Private residence of the Thai royal family, Bangkok
    • Vimanmek Palace (พระที่นั่งวิมานเมฆ) (Vimanmek Mansion) – former royal residence, Bangkok
  • Front Palace (พระราชวังบวรสถานมงคล) – currently, as Bangkok National Museum, Bangkok
  • Grand Palace, Bangkok (พระบรมมหาราชวัง) – official residence of the King of Thailand, Bangkok
  • Kham Yat Palace - (พระตำหนักคำหยาด) residence of King Boromakot of Ayutthaya (r. 1733-1758)
  • King Narai's Palace (พระนารายณ์ราชนิเวศน์) – Lopburi
  • Klai Kangwon Palace (วังไกลกังวล) – royal residence, King Rama IX likes there, Hua Hin
  • Le Dix Palace (พระตำหนักเลอดิศ) – Private residence of the Thai royal family, Bangkok
  • Marukatayawan Summer Palace (พระราชนิเวศน์มฤคทายวัน) – Phetchaburi
  • Nakorn Luang Palace (ปราสาทนครหลวง) – Nakorn Luang, Ayutthaya
  • Nonthaburi Palace (พระตำหนักนนทบุรี) – former private residence of the Thai royal family, Bangkok
  • Phanakornkiri Palace (พระราชวังพระนครคีรี) – Phetchaburi
  • Phetchabun Palace (วังเพ็ชรบูรณ์) – currently, as CentralWorld, Bangkok
  • Phya Thai Palace (พระราชวังพญาไท) – Bangkok
  • Rear Palace (พระราชวังบวรสถานพิมุข) – It is now a part of Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok
  • Sanamchan Palace (พระราชวังสนามจันทร์) – King Rama VI's Palace, Nakhon Pathom
  • Saranrom Palace (พระราชวังสราญรมย์) – currently, as a Saranrom Park, Bangkok
  • Siriyalai Palace (พระตำหนักสิริยาลัย) – private residence of the Thai royal family, Ayutthaya
  • Sa Pathum Palace (วังสระปทุม) – private residence of the Thai royal family, Bangkok
  • Suan Pakard Palace (วังสวนผักกาด) – currently, as a museum, Bangkok
  • Sukhothai Palace (วังศุโขทัย) – Private residence of the Thai royal family, Bangkok
  • Taksin Palace (พระตำหนักทักษิณราชนิเวศน์) – royal residence, Narathiwat Province
  • Thapra Palace (วังท่าพระ) – currently, as a university, Bangkok
  • Tuk Palace – Ayutthaya Palace, Ayutthaya
  • Waradit Palace (วังวรดิศ) – currently, as a museum, Bangkok

Tonga edit

  • Royal Palace, Tonga-Royal Palace of the Kingdom of Tonga is located in the northwest of the capital, Nukuʻalofa, close to the Pacific Ocean.

Tunisia edit

Turkey edit

 
Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul
 
Beylerbeyi Palace, İstanbul

In Turkish, a palace is a Saray.

Turkmenistan edit

Ukraine edit

 
Potocki Palace, Lviv
 
Livadia Palace

United Arab Emirates edit

United Kingdom edit

United States edit

Colorado edit

District of Columbia edit

Florida edit

 
Government House, 2011

Guam edit

 
Plaza de España, Almacen Entrance
  • Plaza de España - the site of the palace of the Spanish Governors of Guam. The palace itself was largely destroyed during the liberation of Guam however many outlying structures still stand and there are plans to possibly reconstruct the palace in the future.[74]

Hawaiʻi edit

 
ʻIolani Palace, Honolulu

New Jersey edit

  • Proprietary House – Home of both the Proprietary Governors of New Jersey from 1766 to 1773 and the Royal Governor of New Jersey, William Franklin from 1774 to 1776.

New Mexico edit

 
Palace of the Governors, Santa Fe

North Carolina edit

Pennsylvania edit

  • Pennsbury Manor – Home of William Penn as Proprietor of Pennsylvania from 1683 to 1701.

Puerto Rico edit

Texas edit

 
Bishop's Palace, Galveston circa 1970
 
Inside of Spanish Governor's Palace in San Antonio, Texas

Virginia edit

Vatican City edit

Venezuela edit

Vietnam edit

List of non-residential palaces edit

Some large impressive buildings which were not meant to be residences, but are nonetheless called palaces, include:

Note, too, the French use of the word palais in such constructions as palais des congrès (convention centre) and palais de justice (courthouse).

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ reuters.com
  2. ^ "Erebuni-ancient palace-fortress, Armenia".
  3. ^ "Archaeological Site of Ani-UNESCO". whc.unesco.org.
  4. ^ "The Merchant's Palace". virtualani.org.
  5. ^ Artak Ghulyan. "Castles (Palaces) Of Meliks Of Artsakh And Siunik". Archived from the original on 2021-04-13. The melikal palaces have mainly been the defence point, the special citadel of the residence-center, and they have also been called fortresses for this reason (Kashatagh, Kaghakategh, Mokhratagh, Horekavan, Gulatagh, Shushi).
  6. ^ "University Botanical Garden - Balchik". 2014-10-17. Archived from the original on 2014-10-17. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
  7. ^ "Balchik Info". 2006-04-28. Archived from the original on 2006-04-28. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
  8. ^ Overview, Veliko Tarnovo; says, Travel Guide « Blazing Bulgaria (2012-07-28). "Like an Eastern Block Leader". Blazing Bulgaria. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
  9. ^ "Британската резиденция в София - една красавица на сто години | Момичетата от града". Momichetata.com (in Bulgarian). 29 June 2014. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
  10. ^ "Български банкер дава дом на френската легация". Строител (in Bulgarian). 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
  11. ^ Galbraith, William; Canadian Parliamentary Review: Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit; Vol. 12, No. 3, 1989
  12. ^ a b Spilsbury, Louise (2019). Ancient China. Capstone. p. 20. ISBN 9781515725596.
  13. ^ a b Bhutoria, Sundeep (2019). China Diary. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9781529045284.
  14. ^ a b Bushell, Stephen (2012). Chinese Art. Parkstone International. p. 41. ISBN 9781780429243.
  15. ^ a b Bandarin, Francesco; van Oers, Ron (2012). The Historic Urban Landscape: Managing Heritage in an Urban Century. John Wiley & Sons. p. 17. ISBN 9781119968092.
  16. ^ Ballas palace
  17. ^ "Photo of preserved parts of the palace". Archived from the original on 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2013-07-02.
  18. ^ a b Photo of the palace remains
  19. ^ Palace of Apries, background information
  20. ^ Pharaoh Apries Wahibre
  21. ^ a b c Cleopatra palace Archived 2008-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Old Cairo history Archived 2009-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ a b Rabat, Nasser (1991). The Citadel of Cairo, 1176-1341: reconstructing architecture from texts. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture.
  24. ^ The Mamluk Sultans
  25. ^ Plan of the Sultan al-Salih palace
  26. ^ Amir Alin Aq Palace Archived 2010-06-20 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Reviving Cairo Archived 2008-07-11 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ The Madrasa-Mosque of Amir Khayerbak (1520–21)
  29. ^ Palaces of Pashas
  30. ^ Palace of Mangak as-Silahdar Archived 2010-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Amir Qawsun Palace Archived 2010-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ a b c Bestak Palace museum Archived 2008-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ The Mameluke Amir Taz Palace history
  34. ^ Amir Taz Palace Archived 2010-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ Prince Tashtamur palace Archived 2010-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ Al Ghouri palace Archived 2008-05-19 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ Insert Al-Ghouri Palace Archived 2008-05-18 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ Bait al-Qady Archived 2011-05-25 at the Wayback Machine
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