List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions

Summary

This is a list of sovereign states and territories by carbon dioxide emissions[n 1] due to certain forms of human activity, based on the EDGAR database created by European Commission and Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. The following table lists the 1970, 1990, 2005, 2017 and 2022 annual CO2 emissions estimates (in kilotons of CO2 per year) along with a list of calculated emissions per capita (in tons of CO2 per year).[4]

Global map of Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels and industry. Land use change is not included.[1]
Annual CO2 emissions by region. This measures fossil fuel and industry emissions. Land use change is not included.[2]
The US, China and Russia have cumulatively contributed the greatest amounts of CO2 since 1850.[3]

The data only consider carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and cement manufacture, but not emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry.[n 2] Over the last 150 years, estimated cumulative emissions from land use and land-use change represent approximately one-third of total cumulative anthropogenic CO2 emissions.[7] Emissions from international shipping or bunker fuels are also not included in national figures,[8] which can make a large difference for small countries with important ports.

In 2022, CO2 emissions from the top 10 countries with the highest emissions accounted for almost two thirds of the global total. Since 2006, China has been emitting more CO2 than any other country.[9][10][11] However, the main disadvantage of measuring total national emissions is that it does not take population size into account. China has the largest CO2 emissions in the world, but also the largest population. Some argue that for a fair comparison, emissions should be analyzed in terms of the amount of CO2 per capita.[12] Their main argument is illustrated by CO2 per capita emissions in 2022, China's levels (8.85) are almost half those of the United States (14.44) and less than a sixth of those of Palau (59.00 – the country with the highest emissions of CO2 per capita).[13][4]

Measures of territorial-based emissions, also known as production-based emissions, do not account for emissions embedded in global trade, where emissions may be imported or exported in the form of traded goods, as it only reports emissions emitted within geographical boundaries. Accordingly, a proportion of the CO2 produced and reported in Asia and Africa is for the production of goods consumed in Europe and North America.[14]

Greenhouse gases (GHG) – primarily carbon dioxide but also others, including methane and chlorofluorocarbons – trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Higher temperatures then act on the climate, with varying effects. For example, dry regions might become drier while, at the poles, the ice caps are melting, causing higher sea levels. In 2016, the global average temperature was already 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels.[15]

According to the review of the scientific literature conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas by warming contribution.[16] The other major anthropogenic greenhouse gases[n 3][17]: 147 [18]) are not included in the following list, nor are humans emissions of water vapor (H2O), the most important greenhouse gases, as they are negligible compared to naturally occurring quantities.[19] Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide should allow independent monitoring in the mid-2020s.[20]

Per capita CO2 emissions edit

Fossil CO2 emissions by country/region edit

The data in the following table is extracted from EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research.[4]

Country/territory Fossil CO2 emissions
(ktCO2/year)
Per capita
(tCO2/year)
% of world Change
(1990=100%)
1970 1990 2005 2017 2022 2022 2022 2022
  Aruba 25.2 189.3 358.2 426.8 455.1 4.25 0.001% 240.4%  
  Afghanistan 1,734.1 2,896.5 1,333.8 8,546.9 5,675.8 0.14 0.015% 196.0%  
  Angola 8,948.2 11,288.8 15,964.1 26,137.4 20,185.7 0.58 0.052% 178.8%  
  Anguilla 2.2 6.1 13.7 29.1 22.8 1.52 0.000% 372.5%  
  Albania 4,848.8 6,647.4 4,149.4 5,349.3 4,486.2 1.52 0.012% 67.5%  
  Netherlands Antilles 14,515.8 2,666.4 5,910.4 4,005.9 2,046.8 12.41 0.005% 76.8%  
  United Arab Emirates 19,429.2 56,825.6 122,379.8 205,196.1 218,799.3 21.75 0.568% 385.0%  
  Argentina 87,006.9 99,531.6 152,773.7 188,432.6 184,037.2 3.97 0.478% 184.9%  
  Armenia 12,673.6 20,604.7 4,462.5 5,380.8 6,326.5 2.15 0.016% 30.7%  
  Antigua and Barbuda 102.4 154.3 160.2 253.4 277.7 2.59 0.001% 180.0%  
  Australia 160,382.0 277,201.6 383,817.6 415,458.4 393,162.5 15.12 1.021% 141.8%  
  Austria 52,664.0 61,582.5 79,903.2 69,954.1 61,174.5 6.94 0.159% 99.3%  
  Azerbaijan 36,257.2 54,412.8 30,339.2 32,673.7 37,129.6 3.62 0.096% 68.2%  
  Burundi 58.3 204.2 184.8 519.4 924.2 0.07 0.002% 452.6%  
  Belgium 139,251.7 115,808.6 119,088.6 99,402.3 90,414.9 7.72 0.235% 78.1%  
  Benin 311.4 397.6 2,800.9 7,240.0 9,619.5 0.75 0.025% 2,419.5%  
  Burkina Faso 226.2 332.4 1,143.7 4,327.5 5,820.5 0.26 0.015% 1,751.3%  
  Bangladesh 3,338.8 14,310.6 39,772.4 100,195.5 109,075.3 0.63 0.283% 762.2%  
  Bulgaria 68,948.4 79,751.3 52,346.2 49,226.3 50,103.3 7.32 0.130% 62.8%  
  Bahrain 2,958.5 11,977.6 23,350.6 33,734.9 37,955.1 21.31 0.099% 316.9%  
  Bahamas 1,441.3 1,024.2 800.9 1,256.7 1,446.2 3.49 0.004% 141.2%  
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 11,563.6 24,573.1 16,834.0 23,966.5 21,826.7 6.26 0.057% 88.8%  
  Belarus 54,982.0 105,045.2 59,600.9 60,113.4 57,411.4 6.12 0.149% 54.7%  
  Belize 59.9 119.3 139.5 258.9 269.4 0.65 0.001% 225.8%  
  Bermuda 138.9 238.1 173.1 260.9 317.5 5.29 0.001% 133.3%  
  Bolivia 3,018.4 6,572.9 9,878.3 21,648.0 21,959.5 1.85 0.057% 334.1%  
  Brazil 104,664.4 219,750.7 365,166.0 492,735.3 466,770.4 2.15 1.212% 212.4%  
  Barbados 254.9 558.4 612.8 601.0 674.2 2.34 0.002% 120.7%  
  Brunei 2,038.8 3,336.6 5,165.9 7,433.5 9,375.7 20.65 0.024% 281.0%  
  Bhutan 35.1 180.7 556.3 1,588.0 1,712.4 2.01 0.004% 947.4%  
  Botswana 153.4 2,822.6 4,390.3 7,439.7 8,213.7 3.29 0.021% 291.0%  
  Central African Republic 75.7 162.1 254.2 249.7 276.1 0.05 0.001% 170.4%  
  Canada 356,147.4 440,412.5 576,473.2 595,061.2 582,072.9 15.22 1.511% 132.2%  
  Switzerland 41,435.9 44,773.8 47,040.0 39,792.1 36,105.2 4.11 0.094% 80.6%  
  Chile 27,881.4 33,021.1 58,906.8 89,430.9 92,858.7 4.96 0.241% 281.2%  
  China 910,077.7 2,406,179.5 6,258,412.6 11,026,110.2 12,667,428.4 8.85 32.884% 526.5%  
  Ivory Coast 2,615.8 2,972.3 6,400.8 12,335.1 14,491.9 0.53 0.038% 487.6%  
  Cameroon 871.1 4,771.3 5,480.3 9,751.7 10,080.2 0.37 0.026% 211.3%  
  Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,926.5 3,367.0 2,480.2 3,127.4 3,551.8 0.04 0.009% 105.5%  
  Republic of the Congo 1,803.3 2,398.8 4,352.0 5,555.0 7,435.8 1.24 0.019% 310.0%  
  Cook Islands 18.8 40.2 86.2 117.4 107.8 6.34 0.000% 268.3%  
  Colombia 28,567.2 53,037.3 60,726.4 77,797.4 88,469.8 1.74 0.230% 166.8%  
  Comoros 21.9 40.0 136.6 246.2 342.9 0.38 0.001% 856.7%  
  Cape Verde 150.0 54.8 611.2 838.7 1,015.0 1.74 0.003% 1,853.3%  
  Costa Rica 1,433.4 2,914.8 6,352.8 8,377.1 8,608.4 1.68 0.022% 295.3%  
  Cuba 21,847.8 38,616.9 26,224.2 26,483.4 24,770.8 2.15 0.064% 64.1%  
  Cayman Islands 25.5 108.4 136.3 256.5 307.2 4.73 0.001% 283.3%  
  Cyprus 2,167.5 4,638.5 7,905.2 7,361.9 7,460.3 6.10 0.019% 160.8%  
  Czech Republic 186,755.0 164,666.8 128,542.0 109,866.4 101,544.7 9.55 0.264% 61.7%  
  Germany 1,074,753.0 1,008,138.1 835,260.0 769,106.8 673,595.3 8.16 1.749% 66.8%  
  Djibouti 711.6 992.5 759.0 642.6 761.1 0.74 0.002% 76.7%  
  Dominica 7.6 20.1 57.7 63.4 68.8 0.92 0.000% 341.9%  
  Denmark 61,931.9 52,431.6 50,709.9 33,582.0 29,158.8 4.99 0.076% 55.6%  
  Dominican Republic 3,883.8 8,049.2 18,786.2 23,736.2 23,457.0 2.07 0.061% 291.4%  
  Algeria 19,022.2 67,921.6 98,171.7 161,370.2 177,079.4 3.97 0.460% 260.7%  
  Ecuador 5,018.6 17,523.7 28,179.8 39,706.4 46,106.9 2.59 0.120% 263.1%  
  Egypt 25,436.2 91,447.9 178,335.2 268,634.2 265,961.3 2.50 0.690% 290.8%  
  Eritrea 341.7 329.2 604.2 598.1 804.7 0.14 0.002% 244.4%  
  Western Sahara 86.8 149.7 259.6 214.8 241.5 0.39 0.001% 161.3%  
  Spain 144,547.0 231,558.1 369,915.8 281,053.5 254,363.4 5.48 0.660% 109.8%  
  Estonia 16,197.5 37,944.9 19,405.4 21,223.9 10,847.9 8.39 0.028% 28.6%  
  Ethiopia 1,167.1 2,186.1 5,471.4 16,607.3 21,106.9 0.18 0.055% 965.5%  
  Finland 41,239.9 56,211.7 57,781.8 45,571.1 37,324.7 6.64 0.097% 66.4%  
  Fiji 712.7 995.0 1,834.4 1,785.7 1,692.9 1.81 0.004% 170.1%  
  Falkland Islands 2.9 5.4 10.4 15.6 21.8 7.26 0.000% 406.6%  
  France 465,305.4 384,031.5 406,272.9 338,584.8 315,299.5 4.76 0.818% 82.1%  
  Faroe Islands 0.9 1.6 1.9 2.0 2.1 0.04 0.000% 132.9%  
  Gabon 600.8 6,164.7 6,384.7 5,668.6 5,516.6 2.46 0.014% 89.5%  
  United Kingdom 669,518.5 581,012.1 556,573.3 379,214.5 340,610.3 5.00 0.884% 58.6%  
  Georgia 23,136.6 34,482.3 4,832.0 10,980.0 12,013.9 3.10 0.031% 34.8%  
  Ghana 2,344.6 3,131.1 7,187.7 16,862.4 24,453.0 0.76 0.063% 781.0%  
  Gibraltar 69.5 143.8 406.3 649.8 663.6 18.96 0.002% 461.4%  
  Guinea 459.4 962.4 1,763.1 3,118.1 3,801.7 0.26 0.010% 395.0%  
  Guadeloupe 185.1 655.5 640.8 838.7 904.5 2.02 0.002% 138.0%  
  Gambia 79.2 124.7 333.9 494.3 611.7 0.25 0.002% 490.6%  
  Guinea-Bissau 44.2 172.0 277.1 289.8 350.1 0.17 0.001% 203.5%  
  Equatorial Guinea 41.6 71.1 6,434.3 6,389.6 5,053.9 3.37 0.013% 7,109.8%  
  Greece 28,857.3 77,902.2 103,607.7 68,356.8 56,777.1 5.14 0.147% 72.9%  
  Grenada 11.2 47.9 66.2 117.0 122.5 1.10 0.000% 255.9%  
  Greenland 0.8 1.1 619.2 508.7 465.9 8.17 0.001% 40,779.6%  
  Guatemala 2,500.0 3,914.4 11,772.1 17,155.1 20,090.1 1.08 0.052% 513.2%  
  French Guiana 91.0 242.7 187.6 344.5 354.6 1.11 0.001% 146.1%  
  Guyana 1,502.8 1,174.0 1,483.4 2,468.8 3,804.0 4.76 0.010% 324.0%  
  Hong Kong 9,493.2 35,029.8 42,584.1 43,977.0 32,439.2 4.24 0.084% 92.6%  
  Honduras 1,217.9 2,355.4 7,091.4 9,338.2 10,612.6 1.06 0.028% 450.6%  
  Croatia 21,706.5 24,799.3 22,719.8 18,734.2 17,225.0 4.23 0.045% 69.5%  
  Haiti 533.3 1,141.4 1,828.6 3,502.8 3,437.0 0.30 0.009% 301.1%  
  Hungary 66,231.3 71,682.9 60,294.0 53,869.5 47,291.9 4.95 0.123% 66.0%  
  Indonesia 30,979.7 160,851.1 359,832.5 542,053.7 692,236.1 2.50 1.797% 430.4%  
  India 213,947.3 600,677.9 1,216,512.3 2,434,123.8 2,693,034.1 1.91 6.991% 448.3%  
  Ireland 20,645.6 32,234.6 46,848.9 38,179.2 37,785.6 7.61 0.098% 117.2%  
  Iran 79,495.2 204,790.8 467,592.5 664,899.5 686,415.7 8.08 1.782% 335.2%  
  Iraq 23,149.2 69,222.5 87,038.1 161,380.7 193,836.3 4.43 0.503% 280.0%  
  Iceland 1,934.9 2,341.7 3,130.8 3,314.8 3,558.3 10.23 0.009% 152.0%  
  Israel 14,903.5 35,224.2 61,974.6 67,927.7 61,771.2 4.24 0.160% 175.4%  
  Italy 312,329.1 424,676.5 492,525.9 345,364.5 322,948.7 5.48 0.838% 76.0%  
  Jamaica 8,049.9 7,512.2 10,613.5 7,277.7 6,083.0 2.08 0.016% 81.0%  
  Jordan 2,741.6 10,078.2 20,316.5 26,549.6 23,578.9 2.27 0.061% 234.0%  
  Japan 848,591.0 1,165,378.0 1,282,140.9 1,205,921.4 1,082,645.4 8.61 2.810% 92.9%  
  Kazakhstan 128,715.2 248,531.2 181,844.1 224,320.8 245,886.3 12.85 0.638% 98.9%  
  Kenya 3,749.4 6,469.0 9,023.8 19,938.8 21,527.4 0.38 0.056% 332.8%  
  Kyrgyzstan 11,814.6 23,656.3 5,373.4 9,594.4 10,303.4 1.60 0.027% 43.6%  
  Cambodia 213.2 422.9 2,700.8 11,849.1 17,618.9 1.03 0.046% 4,166.3%  
  Kiribati 18.8 16.5 65.5 80.5 74.0 0.59 0.000% 449.6%  
  Saint Kitts and Nevis 14.7 19.5 56.5 95.0 101.9 1.76 0.000% 522.0%  
  South Korea 62,022.0 272,123.8 515,395.5 668,139.6 635,503.0 12.26 1.650% 233.5%  
  Kuwait 38,308.5 32,313.9 75,152.3 95,909.5 110,119.6 24.90 0.286% 340.8%  
  Laos 288.3 252.6 1,302.6 19,244.1 20,125.9 2.74 0.052% 7,969.0%  
  Lebanon 5,431.5 5,974.5 16,573.8 29,296.5 23,766.1 4.05 0.062% 397.8%  
  Liberia 971.4 381.4 685.0 1,168.3 1,622.8 0.30 0.004% 425.5%  
  Libya 39,295.2 32,508.4 57,548.8 55,020.5 62,743.0 9.20 0.163% 193.0%  
  Saint Lucia 29.5 66.7 107.2 179.3 254.8 1.39 0.001% 381.9%  
  Sri Lanka 3,119.8 4,237.3 14,418.6 23,402.9 18,535.9 0.87 0.048% 437.4%  
  Lesotho 73.6 110.7 410.5 679.5 779.0 0.33 0.002% 703.9%  
  Lithuania 19,106.3 34,935.8 13,914.7 13,957.6 13,263.8 4.69 0.034% 38.0%  
  Luxembourg 18,385.7 11,711.4 12,114.1 9,188.2 7,586.8 12.26 0.020% 64.8%  
  Latvia 12,590.0 19,703.9 8,019.5 7,403.6 6,705.4 3.61 0.017% 34.0%  
  Macau 303.8 929.4 2,175.5 3,198.5 2,247.4 3.34 0.006% 241.8%  
  Morocco 6,935.9 22,460.8 44,495.4 63,846.5 72,642.0 1.92 0.189% 323.4%  
  Moldova 16,761.3 31,756.9 8,172.8 8,189.6 8,652.1 2.17 0.022% 27.2%  
  Madagascar 768.4 907.8 1,788.0 3,552.1 3,190.0 0.11 0.008% 351.4%  
  Maldives 9.9 93.1 727.5 1,874.2 2,181.1 4.62 0.006% 2,341.7%  
  Mexico 120,905.0 289,977.6 446,873.3 498,902.0 487,774.0 3.56 1.266% 168.2%  
  North Macedonia 9,108.1 11,189.9 9,662.9 7,986.1 8,336.5 3.99 0.022% 74.5%  
  Mali 247.0 324.4 950.7 4,910.5 6,726.0 0.31 0.017% 2,073.5%  
  Malta 682.9 2,321.8 2,634.7 1,534.4 1,715.4 3.93 0.004% 73.9%  
  Myanmar 4,728.4 4,427.4 11,244.8 33,735.5 37,394.0 0.67 0.097% 844.6%  
  Mongolia 5,580.7 13,148.0 11,107.4 19,977.1 22,095.3 6.71 0.057% 168.1%  
  Mozambique 3,158.2 1,161.9 2,665.5 8,311.5 10,028.2 0.29 0.026% 863.1%  
  Mauritania 333.2 717.5 1,547.3 3,620.3 4,611.6 0.92 0.012% 642.7%  
  Martinique 213.1 686.5 672.1 867.3 899.2 2.34 0.002% 131.0%  
  Mauritius 305.7 1,186.1 2,978.3 4,215.2 4,281.8 3.35 0.011% 361.0%  
  Malawi 345.6 1,542.4 3,572.1 5,362.2 5,627.5 0.26 0.015% 364.8%  
  Malaysia 13,707.9 56,494.3 176,927.3 234,998.3 277,531.8 8.23 0.720% 491.3%  
  Namibia 739.9 1,270.6 2,591.9 4,185.3 4,287.8 1.53 0.011% 337.5%  
  New Caledonia 1,047.4 1,569.9 2,822.5 5,004.4 5,361.8 18.24 0.014% 341.5%  
  Niger 210.5 620.5 792.5 1,969.3 2,633.2 0.10 0.007% 424.4%  
  Nigeria 28,841.1 74,380.7 100,015.8 112,796.6 122,750.4 0.57 0.319% 165.0%  
  Nicaragua 1,654.8 1,964.0 4,399.9 5,670.7 5,734.4 0.88 0.015% 292.0%  
  Netherlands 134,092.3 163,880.0 181,201.6 168,545.2 134,663.6 7.79 0.350% 82.2%  
  Norway 35,934.5 36,455.2 43,519.0 46,347.7 42,283.7 7.62 0.110% 116.0%  
  Nepal 281.1 1,088.6 3,275.8 13,370.0 15,847.3 0.51 0.041% 1,455.8%  
  New Zealand 14,868.7 23,822.8 36,187.2 36,212.7 32,371.1 6.58 0.084% 135.9%  
  Oman 7,320.6 15,554.9 32,943.4 82,273.2 91,649.1 17.09 0.238% 589.2%  
  Pakistan 17,847.2 65,498.1 132,776.4 210,288.7 199,329.9 0.92 0.517% 304.3%  
  Panama 2,597.6 2,718.2 7,099.0 10,145.7 11,384.0 2.58 0.030% 418.8%  
  Peru 17,411.5 20,833.1 31,829.8 55,132.7 61,610.4 1.81 0.160% 295.7%  
  Philippines 26,368.4 43,552.0 79,592.8 136,584.0 155,380.9 1.38 0.403% 356.8%  
  Palau 1,993.9 2,155.0 1,734.1 1,196.2 1,357.1 59.00 0.004% 63.0%  
  Papua New Guinea 1,129.5 2,108.0 5,477.1 6,597.2 4,715.9 0.52 0.012% 223.7%  
  Poland 308,756.4 370,989.5 317,019.7 330,749.4 321,954.0 8.53 0.836% 86.8%  
  Puerto Rico 28,461.4 18,592.2 25,693.9 11,312.0 12,616.6 3.47 0.033% 67.9%  
  North Korea 75,980.6 131,964.5 79,737.4 55,370.1 54,403.8 2.09 0.141% 41.2%  
  Portugal 16,475.3 43,727.7 67,750.4 55,117.0 41,281.7 4.07 0.107% 94.4%  
  Paraguay 632.3 2,181.0 3,802.7 8,447.1 9,932.6 1.37 0.026% 455.4%  
  French Polynesia 141.6 833.4 999.8 1,026.4 956.7 3.25 0.002% 114.8%  
  Qatar 14,714.5 16,994.4 43,582.7 101,532.3 102,618.0 35.52 0.266% 603.8%  
  Réunion 367.7 937.7 2,384.3 2,657.3 2,736.5 3.01 0.007% 291.8%  
  Romania 126,376.3 186,365.1 102,361.0 81,256.3 77,289.0 4.03 0.201% 41.5%  
  Russia 1,413,943.0 2,353,966.8 1,719,005.0 1,730,522.5 1,909,039.3 13.31 4.956% 81.1%  
  Rwanda 69.7 553.0 741.7 1,309.3 1,626.4 0.12 0.004% 294.1%  
  Saudi Arabia 46,923.9 173,597.0 345,932.3 602,841.9 607,907.5 16.98 1.578% 350.2%  
  Serbia and Montenegro 30,293.6 66,149.2 61,576.1 59,447.9 56,874.4 6.13 0.148% 86.0%  
  Sudan 3,437.1 5,546.5 10,834.5 23,635.0 24,523.2 0.40 0.064% 442.1%  
  Senegal 1,349.0 2,364.8 5,748.3 9,977.8 12,074.7 0.67 0.031% 510.6%  
  Singapore 6,539.0 31,580.5 41,618.4 56,897.4 53,439.7 8.85 0.139% 169.2%  
  Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2.8 9.5 9.7 16.4 17.9 4.48 0.000% 187.6%  
  Solomon Islands 65.9 156.1 317.6 340.2 318.1 0.47 0.001% 203.7%  
  Sierra Leone 361.6 644.0 570.5 999.5 1,099.7 0.13 0.003% 170.8%  
  El Salvador 1,601.2 2,593.0 7,030.5 6,628.5 7,972.4 1.22 0.021% 307.5%  
  Somalia 571.2 639.8 759.0 791.6 940.6 0.06 0.002% 147.0%  
  Saint Pierre and Miquelon 36.4 85.7 21.6 34.3 37.1 5.30 0.000% 43.3%  
  São Tomé and Príncipe 14.4 39.3 89.9 140.8 157.9 0.70 0.000% 402.0%  
  Suriname 626.8 634.7 1,687.1 2,448.0 3,289.0 5.60 0.009% 518.2%  
  Slovakia 43,801.9 60,118.1 41,806.1 37,305.6 35,233.2 6.46 0.091% 58.6%  
  Slovenia 10,453.5 14,940.5 17,636.1 15,348.3 13,946.9 6.70 0.036% 93.3%  
  Sweden 94,331.2 56,537.4 55,023.8 43,312.5 37,850.2 3.69 0.098% 66.9%  
  Eswatini 224.6 1,105.0 989.7 1,110.0 1,348.9 0.91 0.004% 122.1%  
  Seychelles 106.9 270.7 970.5 1,088.5 1,095.1 11.29 0.003% 404.5%  
  Syria 6,327.5 32,960.0 58,764.2 26,527.5 28,237.4 1.38 0.073% 85.7%  
  Turks and Caicos Islands 3.2 4.8 31.3 80.7 88.4 2.33 0.000% 1,858.0%  
  Chad 153.7 238.7 464.0 2,097.0 2,110.4 0.12 0.005% 884.1%  
  Togo 348.1 754.7 1,311.0 1,820.2 2,438.0 0.28 0.006% 323.0%  
  Thailand 18,108.0 93,926.4 228,703.3 274,037.0 282,445.8 4.06 0.733% 300.7%  
  Tajikistan 6,977.0 12,324.1 3,191.3 6,933.4 10,551.3 1.07 0.027% 85.6%  
  Turkmenistan 28,337.1 45,700.8 52,925.0 66,564.9 69,882.9 11.27 0.181% 152.9%  
  Timor-Leste 1.4 1.7 350.8 697.6 572.6 0.40 0.001% 33,040.5%  
  Tonga 18.9 87.7 128.8 180.6 166.9 1.48 0.000% 190.2%  
  Trinidad and Tobago 6,359.1 12,670.2 34,046.3 32,309.7 29,217.4 21.17 0.076% 230.6%  
  Tunisia 4,252.9 14,722.5 23,439.7 30,159.1 35,915.4 2.96 0.093% 243.9%  
  Turkey 45,127.4 155,020.1 245,648.5 434,080.1 481,247.5 5.66 1.249% 310.4%  
  Taiwan 36,262.9 121,770.5 266,891.9 289,780.2 275,574.0 11.52 0.715% 226.3%  
  Tanzania 1,568.0 2,083.9 5,931.4 12,016.4 16,978.7 0.25 0.044% 814.8%  
  Uganda 936.8 830.3 2,219.8 6,000.7 7,540.3 0.15 0.020% 908.2%  
  Ukraine 523,303.5 779,582.3 353,020.1 200,128.0 132,541.5 3.07 0.344% 17.0%  
  Uruguay 5,298.0 3,924.9 5,519.8 6,341.0 8,541.5 2.43 0.022% 217.6%  
  United States 4,595,406.7 4,984,066.7 5,888,498.7 4,959,631.9 4,853,780.2 14.44 12.600% 97.4%  
  Uzbekistan 79,096.1 127,483.1 121,441.9 114,968.7 132,433.5 3.89 0.344% 103.9%  
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 11.2 27.5 61.4 99.7 82.8 0.75 0.000% 300.9%  
  Venezuela 57,144.8 102,258.7 155,614.0 147,806.4 96,924.9 2.86 0.252% 94.8%  
  British Virgin Islands 7.3 17.2 34.7 61.4 64.7 1.96 0.000% 375.3%  
  Vietnam 17,507.2 20,584.6 100,556.2 229,728.9 327,905.6 3.27 0.851% 1,593.0%  
  Vanuatu 75.2 100.3 94.9 194.1 218.1 0.71 0.001% 217.5%  
  Samoa 65.9 120.8 231.4 369.0 355.4 1.75 0.001% 294.2%  
  Yemen 1,627.9 7,088.6 21,980.7 10,385.1 12,263.2 0.39 0.032% 173.0%  
  South Africa 185,563.9 313,362.3 434,311.5 468,964.8 404,974.5 6.75 1.051% 129.2%  
  Zambia 3,700.4 3,028.7 2,470.4 7,338.8 9,270.7 0.47 0.024% 306.1%  
  Zimbabwe 9,529.6 17,387.1 11,436.4 10,242.7 10,223.7 0.55 0.027% 58.8%  
 World 15,825,424 22,516,769 29,924,589 36,890,295 38,521,998 4.84 100% 171.1%  
  EU27 3,488,583 3,793,290 3,672,609 3,113,155 2,804,806 6.32 7.281% 73.9%  
International Aviation 168,603 258,270 417,746 583,315 420,366 1.091% 162.8%  
International Shipping 353,846 370,696 571,139 705,980 709,706 1.842% 191.5%  

Maps and charts edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colourless, odourless and non-poisonous gas formed by combustion of carbon and in the respiration of living organisms and is considered a greenhouse gas.
    Emissions means the release of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and period of time.
    Carbon dioxide emissions or CO2 emissions are emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement; they include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels as well as gas flaring
  2. ^
     
    Global Carbon Project (2022)[5]
    The rate of build-up of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere can be reduced by taking advantage of the fact that atmospheric CO2 can accumulate as carbon in vegetation and soils in terrestrial ecosystems. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas (GHG) from the atmosphere is referred to as a "sink". Human activities impact terrestrial sinks, through land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), consequently, the exchange of CO2 (carbon cycle) between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is altered.[6]
  3. ^ Greenhouse gases (GHG) constitute a group of gases contributing to global warming and climate change.
    The Kyoto Protocol, an environmental agreement adopted by many of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1997 to curb global warming, nowadays covers seven greenhouse gases:
    • the non-fluorinated gases:
      • carbon dioxide (CO2),
      • methane (CH4),
      • nitrous oxide (N2O),
    • the fluorinated gases:
      • hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
      • perfluorocarbons (PFCs),
      • sulphur hexafluoride (SF6),
      • nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
    Converting them to carbon dioxide (or CO2) equivalents makes it possible to compare them and to determine their individual and total contributions to global warming.

References edit

  1. ^ "Per capita CO₂ emissions" (map). ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  2. ^ "Annual CO₂ emissions by world region" (chart). ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  3. ^ Evans, Simon (5 October 2021). "Analysis: Which countries are historically responsible for climate change? / Historical responsibility for climate change is at the heart of debates over climate justice". CarbonBrief.org. Carbon Brief. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Source: Carbon Brief analysis of figures from the Global Carbon Project, CDIAC, Our World in Data, Carbon Monitor, Houghton and Nassikas (2017) and Hansis et al (2015).
  4. ^ a b c Crippa, M.; Guizzardi, D.; Pagani, F.; Banja, M.; Muntean, M.; Schaaf, E.; Becker, W.; Monforti-Ferrario, F.; Quadrelli, R.; Risquez Martin, A.; Taghavi-Moharamli, P.; Köykkä, J.; Grassi, G.; Rossi, S.; Brandao De Melo, J.; Oom, D.; Branco, A.; San-Miguel, J.; Vignati, E. (2023). GHG emissions of all world countries – 2023. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/953322. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  5. ^ Global Carbon Project (2022) Supplemental data of Global Carbon Budget 2022 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. Global Carbon Project. https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2022
  6. ^ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. "Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)". unfccc.int. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  7. ^ Quesada, Benjamin; Arneth, Almut; Robertson, Eddy; de Noblet-Ducoudré, Nathalie (2018). "Potential strong contribution of future anthropogenic land-use and land-cover change to the terrestrial carbon cycle". Environmental Research Letters. 13 (6). Bibcode:2018ERL....13f4023Q. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac4c3.
  8. ^ Schrooten, L; De Vlieger, Ina; Int Panis, Luc; Styns, R. Torfs, K; Torfs, R (2008). "Inventory and forecasting of maritime emissions in the Belgian sea territory, an activity based emission model". Atmospheric Environment. 42 (4): 667–676. Bibcode:2008AtmEn..42..667S. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.071. S2CID 93958844.
  9. ^ "China's Emissions: More Than U.S. Plus Europe, and Still Rising". The New York Times. 25 January 2018.
  10. ^ "Chinese coal fuels rise in global carbon emissions". The Times. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  11. ^ PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. "China now no. 1 in CO2 emissions; USA in second position". pbl.nl (in English and Dutch). Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014.
  12. ^ Roser, Max; Ritchie, Hannah (11 May 2017). "CO2 and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019.
  13. ^ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max. "Per capita CO2 emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  14. ^ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max. "Consumption-based (trade-adjusted) emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  15. ^ Klugman, Cornelia. "The EU, a world leader in fighting climate change". European Parliament Think Tank. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  16. ^ IPCC (2021). "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (Report). ISBN 978-92-9169-158-6.
  17. ^ Grubb, M. (July–September 2003). "The economics of the Kyoto protocol" (PDF). World Economics. 4 (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011.
  18. ^ Lerner & K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth (2006). "Environmental issues: essential primary sources". Thomson Gale. Retrieved 11 September 2006.
  19. ^ "Are our water vapour emissions warming the climate?". Physics World. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  20. ^ Pan, Guanna; Xu, Yuan; Ma, Jieqi (1 January 2021). "The potential of CO2 satellite monitoring for climate governance: A review". Journal of Environmental Management. 277: 111423. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111423. ISSN 0301-4797. PMID 33031999. S2CID 222237434.
  21. ^ "Historical GHG Emissions". Climate Watch. Retrieved 15 June 2021.

See also edit

General:

External links edit