An important portion of Matins and other services in the Orthodox Church is the canon, a long liturgical poem divided into nine strophes with a sophisticated meter called ode.^[1] Each ode and its prosodic meter is made according to a certain irmos, and concerning its celebration during Orthros it is followed by troparia called akrosticha.^[2] Sometimes certain longer irmoi are sung which are called katabasiai because of their descending melos.^[3]

The troparia sung with the canon are performed out of a textbook (Reader,^[4] Menaion) according to avtomela, but the irmoi and katabasiae are chanted by the choir according to the model of the irmoi. Since the Irmologion was invented as a chant book provided with musical notation, it only contained the smaller number of heirmoi with those texts which identified them. The other canons and akrosticha were usually collected in a separated text book, and the incipit of a certain heirmos or, in case of troparia the avtomela, indicated the melody which had to be applied for the recitation of the hymns.

Since the Byzantine period, there already developed a soloistic kalophonic way to perform just one certain ode during more important religious feast, if the celebration took more time than usual, but the genre became even more popular and innovative during the Ottoman period following the example of Balasios the Priest. The printed edition of the kalophonic irmologion (1835) is dominated by Ottoman era composers like Chrysaphes the Younger, Germanos of New Patras, Balasios, and later generations like Petros Bereketis and even later the hyphos school founded by Panagiotes Halacoğlu and his followers at the New Music School of the Patriarchate (Daniel the Protopsaltes, Petros Peloponnesios, Georgios of Crete).^[5]

The earliest sources with heirmoi were the tropologion (Georgian iadgari, Armenian šaraknot') which organised hymns of different genres with modal signatures according to the calendar, beginning with the Christmas and Theophany cycle. The book irmologion developed not earlier than during the 10th century (GR-AOml Ms. β.32 is probably the oldest fully notated irmologion).

Within the Irmologion, the new chant book of the Stoudites' reform, the irmoi are usually arranged according to the eight tones of Byzantine chant either according to the odes (order of the odes, OdO, divided into eight parts according to the echoi, but within each echos all odes are ordered beginning with all first odes of each canon, all second or third odes etc.) or according to the canon (canon order, KaO, divided into eight parts according to the echoi, but the odes within each echos are organised according to the canon of each irmos).^[6]

As example for the ode order (OdO), one might study the earlier irmologia of the Greek collection at the library of Saint Catherine's Monastery at the food of Mount Sinai: the manuscripts 929 and 1258 are organised, that the first, second, third, etc. odes are together. Since the second ode is only sung during Lent, there were much less second odes than first or third odes.^[7]

As example for the canon order (KaO), one might study the very early fully notated manuscript of the Great Lavra on Mount Athos (GR-AOml Ms. β.32 written about 1000 with Chartres notation), the standard example for Coislin notation (F-Pn Ms. Coislin 220), or the later manuscripts of the Sinai collection (ET-MSsc Sin. gr.) such as Ms. 1256 and the first half of 1257. Here each ode has an ode number, such as ωδ α᾽ for the first ode, usually followed by a modal signature corresponding to the echos section.

The next ode is mostly ωδ γ᾽ for the third ode, because according to the more common canon the second one is left out. Thus, one canon follows the preceding one until the order is fulfilled. These canons usually follow within each echos section according to the calendaric order. There is no real chronology between both orders, both existed already in the oldest heirmologia and they persisted until the current print editions.

It also seems that the earlier manuscripts which still numbered the canons within the canon order, sorted them according to ascribed authors, Ms. Coislin 220 has also more or less concrete descriptions of the festive occasion, and still provides a choice of several canons in different echoi and composed by different authors for the very same feast. The number of canons is higher than in the later heirmologia of the 14th century, and it should be mentioned that certain schools like the one of Germanus I of Constantinople had been completely abandoned in the current print editions of the Orthodox church.

Concerning the Slavonic reception, first by Cyril and Methodius' students around Clement of Ohrid and Constantine of Preslav, the translators did not very close translations of the Greek hymns, they rather tried to preserve the sophisticated system of the melodic models such as avtomela and irmoi without changing the melodies.^[9] Within Slavonic manuscripts, the separation between Irmolog and the Oktoich and other books of the sticherarion was less common, usually the Oktoich books were so voluminous, since they included the irmoi (similar to the composition of the older tropologia which persisted until the 12th century), that they were separated into two volumes—one for Glas I-IV (the authentic modes) and a second for Glas V-VIII (the plagal modes).^[10] But there are irmologs provided with znamennaya notation since the 12th century—the Irmolog preserved at the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RUS-Mda / ргада fond 381 Ms. 150), for instance. All Old Church Slavonic irmologs are organised in ode order.

Today the Irmologion is often replaced by another chant book which is called "Anthology of the Orthros" (Ἀνθολογία τοῦ Ὄρθρου or Псалтикиина Утренна) which replaced the earlier Akolouthiai used since the 14th century.^[11] Some of these Anthologies do also contain the odes of the canon, but also many other hymns of the Psalterion (especially the more elaborated compositions the Polyeleos psalms) and of the book Octoechos which are sung during the morning service (Orthros, Utrenna). Already Codex sinaiticus graecus 1257 dating back to 1332, has a second part dedicated to the recitation of psalm verses (psalmody) during Orthros and Hesperinos, including the Polyeleoi.

These additional hymns sung during Orthros are:

• Antiphons (ἀντίφωνα) which should not be confused with the Latin Antiphon (even if they are often reduced today to a few short troparia which were once sung as a refrain), since it is a rather elaborated form, usually organised in three sections (they usually follow the Great Ectenia at the beginning of the Divine Liturgy and of the Orthros)
• Dogmatica, hymns in honour of the Mother of God (Theotokos) which are also chanted during the Little Entrance of Vespers
• Theotokia, troparia in honour of the Mother of God, but not as specific as the Dogmatica
• Orthros psalm "Theos kyrios" (Богъ Господь) (Ps. 117:27a) three times and Evlogetaria Anastasima in Echos Plagios Protos (Благословенъ еси Господи, Ps. 118:12)
• Troparia of the Resurrection in the eight tones
• The full text of the Polyeleos (Psalms 134 and 135; also Psalm 136, which is used during the Pre-Lenten Season), which is chanted at Matins on Sundays and feast days
• Songs of praise for feasts and saints
• Anabathmoi, or "Hymns of Ascent", based upon Psalms 119–133
• Prokeimena preceding the Gospel
• Doxologiai (Slavoslovie)

The oldest manuscripts which contained canons, were tropologia which are composed according to a calendaric order. There were also types like the Georgian Iadgari^[12] and the Armenian Šaraknoc'. The book Irmologion was created later as a notated chant book by the reformers at the Stoudios Monastery, although not all Irmologia have musical notation.^[13] Concerning the traditional repertoire of these books, a Studites edition can be distinguished from the one at Sinai.^[14]

The earliest notated Irmologion can be dated back to the 10th century in Byzantium. A full version of the Russian Irmologion, in Church Slavonic includes about 1050 irmoi.^[15]

Earlier examples provided only the written text; later, the "hooks" and "banners" of Znamenny Chant were added above the text. The first printed edition of a notated Irmologion in Russia, the Irmologiy notnago peniya, using neumes (square notes) on a staff, was published in 1772. Today, most Russian Irmologia are printed using modern musical notation (with the exception of some Old Believer communities, which continue to use the older znamenny neumes^[16]), although elsewhere, Byzantine musical notation is nearly universally used.

• Andrew of Crete
• Cosmas of Maiuma
• John of Damascus
• Joseph the Hymnographer
• Octoechos system
• Octoechos and parakletike
• Sticherarion
• Theodore the Studite
• Theophanes the Branded

Chant books edit

Tropologia (6th to 12th centuries) edit

• "Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Papyrus Vindobonensis G 19.934" (PDF). Fragment of a 6th-century tropologion. Retrieved 4 October 2013.

Office Menaia, Fasten and Flower Triod with Akrosticha edit

• "Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 159". Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for September with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century).
• "Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 160". Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for October with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century).
• "Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 161". Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for November with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century).
• "Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 162". Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for December with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century).
• "Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 163". Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for January with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century).
• "Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 164". Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for February with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century).
• "Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 165". Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for April with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century).
• "Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 166". Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for May with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century).
• "Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 167". Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for June with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century).
• "Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 168". Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for August with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century).
• "Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 319". Old Church Slavonic Fasten Triod služebnaya with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century).
• "Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Voskr. Perg. 27". Old Church Slavonic Flower Triod služebnaya with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (about 1200).

Slavic irmologs with znamennaya notation (12th to 16th centuries) edit

• "Moscow, Российский государственный архив древних актов, ргада [Rossiysky gosudarstvenno archiv drevnich aktov], fond 381 Ms. 150". Old Church Slavonic irmolog with znamennaya notation (12th century).
• "Moscow, Rossiysky Gosudarstvenny Archiv Drevnich Aktov (РГАДА), Fond 381 Ms. 80". Old Church Slavonic Paraklitik (Glas 1-3) with znamennaya notation (about 1200).

• "Moscow, Russian State Library, fond 304 Ms. 407, ff. 12r-110v". Antologiya with irmolog in ode order, voskresnik and sanctoral beginning with Christmas cycle (1437).

Slavic irmologs with kryuki notation (16th to 20th centuries) edit

• "Old Believers' Irmolog "Rozniki" with kryuki notation". Petrozavodsk: National Library of Karelia. 1550–1625.

Old Byzantine notation (10th to 13th centuries) edit

• "Athos, Monastery of the Great Lavra, Ms. β 32". Incomplete Greek Heirmologion composed in canon order (KaO) with Old Byzantine Chartres notation (about 1000).
• "Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 929". Incomplete Greek Heirmologion in ode order (OdO, beginning is missing and starts with the second odes of echos protos) with early Coislin notation (1100).
• "Jerusalem, Greek Orthodox Patriarchal Library, Ms. Hagios Sabas 83". Heirmologion in canon order (KaO) with Old Byzantine Coislin notation (11th & 12th centuries).
• "Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds Coislin, ms. 220". Heirmologion in canon order (KaO) and prosomoia with developed Coislin notation (11th & 12th centuries).

Middle Byzantine notation (13th to 19th centuries) edit

• "Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1258". Incomplete Greek Heirmologion in ode order (OdO, starts with the eighth odes of echos devteros, the notated part finishes at f. 144v, it follows an appendix with later additions) with Middle Byzantine notation (1257).
• "Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1256". Complete Heirmologion in canon order (KaO) with Middle Byzantine notation (1309).
• "Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1257, ff. 1r-104r". Complete Heirmologion in canon order (KaO) with Middle Byzantine notation (1332).
• "London, British Library, Ms. Add. 39611". Heirmologion mostly in canon order (KaO without first section of Heirmoi in echos protos) written near Saint Catherine's monastery (17th century). British Library.
• Germanos Hieromonachos; Panagiotes the New Chrysaphes; Petros Bereketes; Anastasios Skete; Balasios Iereos; Petros Peloponnesios; Petros Byzantios. "Athens, Ιστορικό και Παλαιογραφικό Αρχείο (ΙΠΑ), MIET, Ms. Pezarou 15, fol. 220v-229r". Heirmologion kalophonikon in an Anthologia of Psaltic Art (late 18th century). Athens: Μορφωτικό Ίδρυμα Εθνικής Τράπεζας. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
• "University of Birmingham, Cadbury Research Library, Ms. Mingana Gr. 6". Heirmologion kalophonikon organised in oktoechos order in exegetic neumatic notation (Middle Byzantine) with compositions by Balasios Iereos, Petros Bereketis, Ioannes the Protopsaltes, Petros Peloponnesios, and Georgios of Crete (about 1800).
• Petros Peloponnesios. "London, British Library, Ms. Add. 16971". Katavasiai (Heirmologion argon), Prosomoia, and an incomplete Anthology for the Divine Liturgies (18th century). British Library. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
• Petros Peloponnesios. "University of Birmingham, Cadbury Research Library, Ms. Mingana Gr. 5". Katavasies (Heirmologion argon) in the possession of Makarios Hieromonachos (18th century).

Without notation (10th to 18th centuries) edit

• "Sofia, St. Cyril and St. Methodius National Library, Ms. НБКМ 989". Serbian Irmolog sorted according to the Osmoglasnik (13th century).

Chrysanthine notation (since 1814) edit

• Bereketis, Petros; Balasios the Priest; Chrysaphes, Manuel; Halacoğlu, Panagiotes; Daniel the Protopsaltes; Chourmouzios the Archivist; Ephesios, Petros; Petros Peloponnesios; Petros Vyzantios (1820). Macarie Hieromonk (ed.). "Bucharest, Stavropoleos Monastery, Ms. 89m". Romanian heirmologion kalophonikon with the translated texts transliterated into Slavonic letters.
• Petros Peloponnesios the Lampadarios; Petros Byzantios (1825). Chourmouzios Chartophylakos (ed.). Εἱρμολόγιον τῶν καταβασιῶν Πέτρου τοῦ Πελοποννησίου μετὰ τοῦ συντόμου Εἱρμολογίου Πέτρου Πρωτοψάλτου τοῦ Βυζαντίου: ἐξηγημένα κατὰ τὴν νέαν τῆς Μουσικῆς μέθοδον μετὰ προσθήκης ἰκανών μαθημάτων, ὧν ἐστεροῦντο εἰς τὸ παλαιόν. ἐπιθεωρηθέντα ἤδη, καὶ ἀκριβῶς διορθωθέντα παρὰ τοῦ Διδασκάλου Χουρμουζίου Χαρτοφύλακος. Constantinople: Isaac De Castro.
• Gregorios the Protopsaltes (1835). Theodoros Phokaeos (ed.). Εἱρμολόγιον καλοφωνικὸν: μελοποιηθὲν παρὰ διαφόρων ποιῃτῶν παλαιῶν τὲ καὶ νέων διδασκάλων μεταφρασθὲν δὲ εἰς τὴν νέαν τῆς Μουσικῆς μέθοδον καὶ μετὰ πάσης Ἐπιμελείας διορθωθὲν παρὰ τοῦ ἐνὸς τῶν τριῶν Διδασκάλων τῆς ῥηθείσης Μεθόδου Γρηγορίου Πρωτοψάλτου τῆς τοῦ Χριστοῦ Μεγάλης Ἐκκλησίας. νῦν πρῶτον ἐκδοθὲν εἰς τύπον παρὰ Θεοδώρου Π. Παράσκου Φωκέως. ἐπιστασία τοῦ αὐτοῦ, ἀναλώμασι δὲ τοῦ τὲ ἰδίου καὶ τῶν Φιλομούσων Συνδρομητῶν. Constantinople: Isaac De Castro.
• Phokaeos, Theodoros, ed. (1869). Ἀκολουθία τοῦ Ὄρθρου, Τεῦχος Α' Ἀκιβὴς ἀνατύπωσις τῶν ὑπὸ Θεοδώρου Φωκαέως ἀνθολογηθέντων μαθημάτων τοῦ ὄρθρου. Τάμειον Ἁνθολογίας. Vol. 2. Constantinople: Georgios Seïtanidos.
• Sarafov, Petĕr V. (1912). Рѫководство за практическото и теоретическо изучване на восточната църковна музика [includes an Anthology dedicated to Ioan Kukuzel with Menaion, a Voskresnik, and an Anthology for Utrenna and the Divine Liturgies]. Sofia: Peter Gluškov. pp. 478–630.
• Todorov, Manasij Pop, ed. (1992). Псалтикиина Утренна (reprint ed.). Sofia: Sinodalno Izdatelstvo.

Editions edit

• Christians, Dagmar, ed. (2001). Die Notation von Stichera und Kanones im Gottesdienstmenäum für den Monat Dezember nach der Hs. GIM Sin. 162: Verzeichnis der Musterstrophen und ihrer Neumenstruktur. Patristica Slavica. Vol. 9. Wiesbaden: Westdt. Verl. ISBN 3-531-05129-6.

Studies edit

• Frøyshov, Stig Simeon R. (2012). "The Georgian Witness to the Jerusalem Liturgy: New Sources and Studies". In Bert Groen; Stefanos Alexopoulos; Steven Hawkes-Teeples (eds.). Inquiries into Eastern Christian Worship: Selected Papers of the Second International Congress of the Society of Oriental Liturgy (Rome, 17–21 September 2008). Eastern Christian Studies. Vol. 12. Leuven, Paris, Walpole: Peeters. pp. 227–267.
• Harris, Simon (2004). "The 'Kanon' and the Heirmologion". Music & Letters. 85 (2): 175–197. doi:10.1093/ml/85.2.175. JSTOR 3526092. S2CID 194034160.
• Jeffery, Peter (2001). "The Earliest Oktōēchoi: The Role of Jerusalem and Palestine in the Beginnings of Modal Ordering". The Study of Medieval Chant: Paths and Bridges, East and West; In Honor of Kenneth Levy. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 147–209. ISBN 0-85115-800-5.
• Martani, Sandra (2013). "Koukouzeles' Heirmologia: The Manuscripts St Petersburg 121 and Sinai gr. 1256". In Gerda Wolfram; C Troelsgård (eds.). Tradition and Innovation in Late Byzantine and Postbyzantine Liturgical Chant II: Proceedings of the Congress held at Hernen Castle, the Netherlands, 30 October - 3 November 2008. Eastern Christian Studies. Vol. 17. Leuven, Paris, Walpole: Peeters. pp. 135–150. ISBN 978-9042920156.
• Raasted, Jørgen (1969). "Observations on the Manuscript Tradition of Byzantine Music, I: A List of Heirmos Call-Numbers, based on Eustratiades's Edition of the Heirmologion" (PDF). Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge grec et latin. 1: 3–12.
• Raasted, Jørgen (1972). "Observations on the Manuscript Tradition of Byzantine Music. II: The Contents of some Early Heirmologia" (PDF). Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge grec et latin. 8: 35–47.
• Školnik, Irina; Školnik, Marina (1994). "Echos in the Byzantine-Russian Heirmologion. An Experience of Comparative Research" (PDF). Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge grec et latin. 64: 3–17.
• Troelsgård, Christian (2009). "A New Source for the Early Octoechos? Papyrus Vindobonensis G 19.934 and its musical implications" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH. 1st International Conference of the ASBMH, 2007: Byzantine Musical Culture. Pittsburgh. pp. 668–679.
• Wolfram, Gerda (2003). "Der Beitrag des Theodoros Studites zur byzantinischen Hymnographie". Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik. 53: 117–125. doi:10.1553/joeb53s117. ISBN 3-7001-3172-0.

• "Αὐτόμελα καὶ εἱρμοὶ κατ᾽ ἤχων". Friends of Music of Constantinople Club.
• Selections from the Irmologion (in English)