Summary
Sir William Francis Birch GNZM PC (born 9 April 1934), usually known as Bill Birch, is a New Zealand retired politician. He served as Minister of Finance from 1993 to 1999 in the fourth National Government.
William Birch | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 38th Minister of Finance | |
| In office 22 June 1999 – 10 December 1999 | |
| Prime Minister | Jenny Shipley |
| Preceded by | Bill English |
| Succeeded by | Michael Cullen |
| In office 29 November 1993 – 31 January 1999 | |
| Prime Minister | Jim Bolger Jenny Shipley |
| Preceded by | Ruth Richardson |
| Succeeded by | Bill English |
| 2nd Treasurer of New Zealand | |
| In office 14 August 1998 – 22 June 1999 | |
| Prime Minister | Jenny Shipley |
| Preceded by | Winston Peters |
| Succeeded by | Bill English |
| 31st Minister of Health | |
| In office 27 March 1993 – 29 November 1993 | |
| Prime Minister | Jim Bolger |
| Preceded by | Simon Upton |
| Succeeded by | Jenny Shipley |
| 30th Minister of Labour | |
| In office 2 November 1990 – 27 March 1993 | |
| Prime Minister | Jim Bolger |
| Preceded by | Helen Clark |
| Succeeded by | Maurice McTigue |
| 4th Minister of Energy | |
| In office 13 December 1978 – 26 July 1984 | |
| Prime Minister | Robert Muldoon |
| Preceded by | George Gair |
| Succeeded by | Bob Tizard |
| Member of the New Zealand Parliament | |
| In office 25 November 1972 – 27 November 1999 | |
| Preceded by | Alfred E. Allen |
| Succeeded by | Paul Hutchison |
| Constituency | See list
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | 9 April 1934 Hastings, New Zealand |
| Political party | National |
| Spouse | Alice Rosa Mitchell (d. 2015) |
| Profession | Surveyor |
Early life edit
Birch was born in Hastings on 9 April 1934, the son of Charles and Elizabeth Birch.[1] He was educated at Hamilton's Technical High School and through Wellington Technical Correspondence School. He was trained as a surveyor, and established a business in Pukekohe, a small town south of Auckland.[2] Birch quickly became involved in various Pukekohe community organisations. He served on Pukehohe's borough council from 1965 to 1974, and was deputy mayor from 1968 to 1974.
In 1953, Birch married Rosa Mitchell, and the couple went on to have four children.[1]
Member of Parliament edit
| Years | Term | Electorate | List | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1972–1975 | 37th | Franklin | National | ||
| 1975–1978 | 38th | Franklin | National | ||
| 1978–1981 | 39th | Rangiriri | National | ||
| 1981–1984 | 40th | Rangiriri | National | ||
| 1984–1987 | 41st | Franklin | National | ||
| 1987–1990 | 42nd | Maramarua | National | ||
| 1990–1993 | 43rd | Maramarua | National | ||
| 1993–1996 | 44th | Franklin | National | ||
| 1996–1999 | 45th | Port Waikato | 3 | National | |
Birch first entered parliament in the 1972 election and would remain an MP for the next twenty-seven years.
At first, Birch stood in Franklin,[3] succeeding the retiring National Party MP and Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives Alfred E. Allen.[4] The name and shape of Birch's electorates changed regularly as required by post-New Zealand census boundary adjustments. Over Birch's career, the extreme borders of his electorate sometimes extended as far as north as Beachlands, as far west as Pirongia Mountain and as far east as Thames (though never all at once). However, no matter the name, Birch's electorate always included the town of Pukekohe.[4]
After his retirement in 1999, he was succeeded by Paul Hutchison as MP for Port Waikato.
Third National Government, 1975–1984 edit
Birch's initial term of Parliament was in Opposition, but under leader and finance spokesperson Robert Muldoon, the National Party won the following three elections and formed the Third National Government. After holding a number of internal National Party positions in his first six years as an MP, including senior whip from 1976 to 1979, Birch was made Minister of National Development, Minister of Energy, and Minister of Science and Technology when National won its second term in government at the 1978 election.[5][6]
As a minister in the Third National Government, Birch supported the Government's dawn raids against overstayers, which disproportionately targeted the Pasifika community. In response the Polynesian Panthers activist group staged "counter raids" on the homes of Birch and the Minister of Immigration Frank Gill, surrounding them with light and chanting with megaphones.[7][8][9] As Minister of Energy during the 1979 oil crisis, Birch oversaw the introduction of temporary petrol demand reduction measures including carless days and the ban on petrol sales during weekends.[10]
After the 1981 election, he swapped the Science and Technology role for the Regional Development portfolio.[11] As Minister for National Development, Birch was closely involved in the Think Big project, a series of high-cost programmes designed to reduce New Zealand's dependence on imported fuel. When National lost the 1984 election, Birch's ministerial career was interrupted, but he remained in parliament.[3]
Opposition, 1984–1990 edit
Muldoon kept Birch on in the Energy and National Development portfolios when he announced his shadow cabinet in July 1984. He then was one of four ex-ministers who challenged Muldoon for the leadership of the party which resulted in Jim McLay becoming leader.[12] McLay promoted Birch to replace Muldoon in the finance portfolio and third rank in the party caucus.[13] McLay later dumped Birch as finance spokesman in an attempt to "rejuvenate" the party and instead allocated him the job of spokesperson for Labour and Employment and the twelfth rank.[14] This motivated Birch to support a successful challenge to McLay a month later.[15] Under new leader Jim Bolger, Birch returned to his position as third-ranked in caucus and retained the Labour and Employment portfolios. In the second opposition term, from 1987 to 1990, he was additionally the spokesperson for immigration and state services.[16]
Fourth National Government, 1990–1996 edit
After National regained power in the 1990 election, Birch re-entered cabinet as part of the fourth National government. Over the next three years, he was to hold a number of ministerial roles, including Minister of Labour, Minister of Immigration, Minister of Pacific Island Affairs, Minister of Employment, Minister of Health, Minister of State Services, and Minister responsible for the ACC. As Minister of Labour, Birch introduced the Employment Contracts Act, which radically liberalised the labour market, most noticeably by reducing the power of trade unions by removing their monopoly on worker representation.[14]
In 1992, Birch was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, an honour reserved for senior New Zealand politicians. Between 1992 and 1996 Birch was known as the "Minister of Everything" in acknowledgement that Prime Minister Jim Bolger relied heavily on Birch's capacity and ability for resolving problems.[14]
During this period, Birch clashed a number of times with the controversial Minister of Finance, Ruth Richardson. The Prime Minister, Jim Bolger, had never been a supporter of Richardson's strong laissez-faire policies, and preferred the more conservative Birch for the Finance portfolio. At the 1993 election, which National nearly lost, Bolger chose for Birch to replace Richardson as Minister of Finance.[14]
Birch's appointment to the Finance portfolio raised eyebrows, given Birch's association with the Think Big projects. However, he soon developed a reputation for a frugal finance minister, delivering a succession of balanced budgets. He also privatised a number of state assets.
National-New Zealand First Coalition Government, 1996–1999 edit
After the 1996 election, National needed to form a coalition with the New Zealand First party in order to govern. New Zealand First's leader, Winston Peters, insisted on control of the Finance role as part of the coalition agreement, and National eventually agreed. The Minister of Finance role was split into two separate offices. The senior position was given the title "Treasurer" and was assigned to Peters; Birch retained the title of Minister of Finance and its remaining responsibilities. Some, however, have voiced the opinion that whatever the official arrangement may have been, Birch still performed most of the job's key functions. Mike Moore of the Labour Party commented that "we are always impressed when Winston Peters answers questions, because Bill Birch's lips do not move."[17]
During the compilation of the coalition agreement between National and New Zealand First, Birch added the proviso to almost every page that "All funding proposals subject to being considered within the agreed spending policy parameters" which essentially rendered every policy agreement provisional, much to Peters' annoyance.[18] When the coalition with New Zealand First broke down, Birch took over the role of Treasurer. For a short period he held both financial offices until Bill English was promoted to be Minister of Finance, leaving Birch with the senior role. In the middle of 1999, as part of the preparations for Birch's planned retirement, Birch and English were swapped. English became the Treasurer and Birch served once again as Minister of Finance.[19]
Retirement edit
Birch retired from Parliament at the 1999 general election. His wife, Rosa, Lady Birch, died in Pukekohe on 22 June 2015.[20]
In 2020 his biography, Bill Birch: Minister of Everything, written by Brad Tattersfield was published.[14][21]
Honours and awards edit
Birch was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977, and the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal in 1990.[1] In the 1999 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Knight Grand Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for public services as a Member of Parliament and Minister of the Crown.[22]
Notes edit
- ^ a b c Taylor, Alister; Coddington, Deborah (1994). Honoured by the Queen – New Zealand. Auckland: New Zealand Who's Who Aotearoa. p. 67. ISBN 0-908578-34-2.
- ^ "Rt Hon Sir William Birch GNZM". Government of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 17 August 2000. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
- ^ a b Wilson 1985, p. 184.
- ^ a b Birch, Bill (8 October 1999). "House: Valedictory of Rt. Hon. Sir William Birch" (Press release). Wellington. Scoop. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
- ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 300.
- ^ Gustafson 2000, p. 281, 288, 308.
- ^ Masters, Catherine (15 July 2006). "Brown Power". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019.
- ^ Anae 2012, p. 234-236.
- ^ Boraman, T (2012). "A middle-class diversion from working-class struggle? The New Zealand new left from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s". Labour History: A Journal of Labour and Social History. 103: 203–226.
- ^ Dooney, Laura (28 July 2017). "Flashback: Government enforces carless days amid oil shortage". Stuff. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ Wilson 1985, p. 95.
- ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 158.
- ^ "National shadow cabinet named". The Evening Post. 30 November 1984. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e Tattersfield, Brad (10 May 2020). "Book extract: Bill Birch, Minister of Everything". Stuff. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 164.
- ^ Who's Who 1987, p. 28-9.
- ^ Steeds, Bernie (2 January 1998). "What our MPs had to say in the year that was". The Press. p. 11.
- ^ Small, Vernon (12 October 2017). "That was then, what now? The 1996 NZ First – National deal". Stuff. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ "Shipley announces Cabinet reshuffle". Waikato Times. 21 June 1999. p. 3.
- ^ "Rosa Birch death notice". The New Zealand Herald. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- ^ Tattersfield, Brad (2020). Bill Birch: Minister of Everything. Mary Egan Publishing. ISBN 9780473501976.
- ^ "Queen's Birthday honours list 1999 (including Niue)". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 7 June 1999. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
References edit
- Who's who in the New Zealand Parliament: 1987 (42 ed.). Parliamentary Service. 1987.
- Anae, Melanie (2012). "Overstayers, Dawn Raids and the Polynesian Panthers". In Sean, Mallon; Māhina-Tuai, Kolokesa; Salesa, Damon (eds.). Tangata O Le Moana: New Zealand and the People of the Pacific. Te Papa Press. ISBN 978-1-877385-72-8.
- Gustafson, Barry (1986). The First 50 Years : A History of the New Zealand National Party. Auckland: Reed Methuen. ISBN 0-474-00177-6.
- Gustafson, Barry (2000). His Way: A biography of Robert Muldoon. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 1-86940-236-7.
- McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.
- Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.