Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln

Summary

This bibliography of Abraham Lincoln is a comprehensive list of written and published works about or by Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States. In terms of primary sources containing Lincoln's letters and writings, scholars rely on The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy Basler, and others.[1] It only includes writings by Lincoln, and omits incoming correspondence. In the six decades since Basler completed his work, some new documents written by Lincoln have been discovered. Previously, a project was underway at the Papers of Abraham Lincoln to provide "a freely accessible comprehensive electronic edition of documents written by and to Abraham Lincoln".[2] The Papers of Abraham Lincoln completed Series I of their project The Law Practice of Abraham Lincoln in 2000. They electronically launched The Law Practice of Abraham Lincoln, Second Edition in 2009,[3] and published a selective print edition of this series.[4] Attempts are still being made to transcribe documents for Series II (non-legal, pre-presidential materials) and Series III (presidential materials).[2]

There have been 16,000 books and articles published on Lincoln—125 on the assassination alone[5]—more than any other American.[6] This listing is therefore highly selective and is based on the reviews in the scholarly journals, and recommended readings compiled by scholars.[citation needed]

Bibliography edit

Biographies edit

  • Beveridge, Albert J. Abraham Lincoln: 1809–1858 (1928). 2 vols. to 1858; notable for strong, political coverage that tends to favor Stephen Douglas online edition
  • Burlingame, Michael. Abraham Lincoln: A Life (2 vols. 2008); the most detailed life. Manuscript. One-volume edition edited and abridged by Jonathan W. White (2023).
  • Burlingame, Michael. The Inner World of Abraham Lincoln (1994). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Carpenter, Francis Bicknell (1866). Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln: The Story of a Picture, New York: Hurd and Houghton (1866); also published as The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House, New York: Hurd and Houghton (1867). Author was the artist who painted First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln.
  • Carwardine, Richard. Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power (2003), winner of the Lincoln Prize
  • Lord Charnwood, Abraham Lincoln (1916), first bio by a non-American, Excerpt
External videos
  Booknotes interview with David Herbert Donald on Lincoln, December 24, 1995, C-SPAN[7]
  • Donald, David Herbert. Lincoln (1995) Useful scholarly biography. Excerpt
  • Freehling, William W. (2018). Becoming Lincoln. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0813941578.
  • Gienapp, William E. Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America: A Biography (2002), short bio by scholar, online edition
  • Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (2005), winner of the Lincoln Prize, basis for Lincoln.
External videos
  Booknotes interview with Allen Guelzo on Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President, April 16, 2000, C-SPAN[8]
  • Guelzo, Allen C. Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (1999) online edition Second edition, 2022.
  • Guelzo, Allen C. (2009). Lincoln: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195367805.
  • Harris, William C. Lincoln's Rise to the Presidency (2007) conservative author argues Lincoln was basically conservative Excerpt
  • Herndon, William Henry; Weik, Jesse William; White, Horace (1920). Abraham Lincoln: the true story of a great life, Vol I. New York; London: D. Appleton and Co.
  • Holland, Josiah Gilbert (1866). Holland's Life of Abraham Lincoln. Springfield, Massachusetts: Gurdon Bill. Published in 1998 with introduction by Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Luthin, Reinhard H. (1944). The First Lincoln Campaign. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0844612928.
  • Luthin, Reinhard H. The Real Abraham Lincoln (1960), emphasis on politics
  • McKirdy, Charles Robert (2011). Lincoln Apostate: The Matson Slave Case. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1604739879.
  • McPherson, James M. Abraham Lincoln (2009) (short biography) Excerpt
  • Meacham, Jon (2022). And There Was Light: Abraham Lincoln and the American Struggle. Random House. ISBN 978-0553393965.
  • Miller, Richard Lawrence (2011). Lincoln and His World: The Rise to National Prominence, 1843–1853. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786459285., vol 3. of detailed biography
  • Miller, William Lee. Lincoln's Virtues: An Ethical Biography (2002). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 037540158X
  • Miller, William Lee. President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman (2008). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1400041039
  • Morse, John Torrey (1893). Abraham Lincoln. Vol. I. Cambridge, Mass., Riverside Press.
  • Morse, John Torrey (1893). Abraham Lincoln. Vol. II. Cambridge, Mass., Riverside Press.
  • Neely, Mark E. (1993). The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674511255. Pulitzer Prize–winning author
  • Neely, Mark E. (1984). The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306802096. detailed articles on many men and movements associated with AL
External videos
  Booknotes interview with Mark Neely on The Last Best Hope of Earth, June 12, 1994, C-SPAN[9]
  • Nevins, Allan (1950). The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861. Scribner. ISBN 978-0684104164.
  • Nicolay, Helen (1913). Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln, New York: The Century Co. (based on material that the author's father John George Nicolay had collected but been unable to use in the biography of Lincoln that he wrote with John Hay)
  • Nicolay, John George and John Hay. Abraham Lincoln: A History (1890); online at Volume 1 and Volume 2 vol 6 10 volumes in all; highly detailed narrative of era written by Lincoln's top aides
  • Nichols, David A. (2010). Etulain, Richard W. (ed.). Lincoln Looks West: From the Mississippi to the Pacific. SIU Press. ISBN 978-0809385584.
  • Oates, Stephen B. (1977). With Malice Toward None: The Life of Abraham Lincoln. Excerpt
  • Randall, James G. Lincoln the President (4 vols., 1945–55; reprint 2000) by prize-winning scholar. Fourth volume: Randall, J.G. and Current, Richard N., Last Full Measure: Lincoln the President, New York: Dodd, Mead & Company (1955). Randall had died in 1953 and Current completed the book.
  • Reynolds, David S. (2020). Abe: Abraham Lincoln in His Times. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1594206047
  • Sandburg, Carl. Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years (2 vol 1926) vol. 1 online (Subscription required.) vol. 2 online (Subscription required.); The War Years (4 vol 1939). Pulitzer Prize–winning biography by the famous poet
  • Smith, Harvey H. (1931). Lincoln and the Lincolns. Pioneer Publications, Inc.
  • Striner, Richard (2020). Summoned to Glory: The Audacious Life of Abraham Lincoln. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1538137161
  • Tarbell, Ida. The Life of Abraham Lincoln
  • Thomas, Benjamin P. Abraham Lincoln: A Biography (1952; 2nd ed. 2008) online edition Archived 2012-05-29 at the Wayback Machine
  • White Jr., Ronald C. (2009). A. Lincoln: A Biography. Random House, Inc. ISBN 978-1400064991.
  • White, Ronald C. (2021). Lincoln in Private: What His Most Personal Reflections Tell Us About Our Greatest President. Random House. ISBN 978-1984855091

Specialty topics edit

  • Adams, Charles Francis (April 1912). "The Trent Affair". The American Historical Review. 17 (3): 540–562. doi:10.2307/1834388. JSTOR 1834388. Published as a book titled The Trent Affair: An Historical Retrospective, with "A few changes in language ... and a paragraph added." Boston, 1912
  • Angle, Paul M., Here I Have Lived: A History of Lincoln's Springfield, 1821–1865, (1935) online edition
  • Basler, Roy; Sandburg, Carl (2008). Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches And Writings. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0786723720.
  • Belz, Herman. Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era (1998)
  • Boritt, Gabor S. Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream (1994). Lincoln's economic theory and policies
  • Boritt, Gabor S. (1997). Why the Civil War Came. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195113761.
  • Boritt, Gabor S., ed. Lincoln the War President (1994)
  • Bruce, Robert V. Lincoln and the Tools of War (1956) on weapons development during the war online edition
  • Bush, Bryan S. Lincoln and the Speeds: The Untold Story of a Devoted and Enduring Friendship (2008) ISBN 978-0979880261
  • Chittenden, Lucius E. Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration, (1891). – Google Books
  • Cox, LaWanda (1981). Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0872494008.
  • Donald, David Herbert. Lincoln Reconsidered: Essays on the Civil War Era (1960)
  • Donald, David (2013). Lincoln's Herndon. Read Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1447487890.
  • Donald, David Herbert. We Are Lincoln Men: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends Simon & Schuster, (2003).
  • Emerson, James (2007). The Madness of Mary Lincoln. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0809327713.
  • Foner, Eric. The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (2011); Pulitzer Prize excerpt and text search
  • Foner, Philip S. (1944). Abraham Lincoln: Selections from His Writings. International Publishers.
  • Gerleman, David J. Representative Lincoln at Work: Reconstructing a Legislative Career from Original Archival Documents (2017) Lincoln's congressional career The Capitol Dome - 2017 Dome 54.2
  • Green, Michael S. (2011). Lincoln and the Election of 1860. SIU Press. ISBN 978-0809330355.
  • Guelzo, Allen C. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America, Simon & Schuster (2004). ISBN 0743221826
  • Guelzo, Allen C. Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates that Defined America, Simon & Schuster (2008). ISBN 978-0743273206
  • Hall, Roger Lee (2009). Lincoln and Liberty: Music from Abraham Lincoln's Era. PineTree Press.
  • Harris, William C. With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (1997). AL's plans for Reconstruction
  • Hendrick, Burton J. Lincoln's War Cabinet (1946) online edition
  • Hofstadter, Richard. The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made It (1948) ch. 5: "Abraham Lincoln and the Self-Made Myth."
  • Howe, Daniel Walker. Why Abraham Lincoln Was a Whig. Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 16.1 (1995)
  • Lea, James Henry (1909). The Ancestry of Abraham Lincoln. Houghton Mifflin. p. 160. swanton morley lincoln norfolk.
  • Kashatus, William C. Abraham Lincoln, the Quakers and the Civil War: A Trial of Principle and Faith. Praeger, 2014. ISBN 978-1440833199.
  • Kunhardt Jr., Phillip B., Kunhardt III, Phillip, and Kunhardt, Peter W. Lincoln: An Illustrated Biography. Gramercy Books, New York, 1992. ISBN 051720715X
  • Laxner, James, Staking Claims to a Continent: John A. Macdonald, Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, and the Making of North America (2016). Anansi Press ISBN 978-1770894303
  • Lind, Michael. What Lincoln Believed. The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President (2004). Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc. New York ISBN 978-1400030736
  • McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988). Pulitzer Prize winner surveys all aspects of the war
  • McPherson, James M. (2008). Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1594201912.
  • Neely, Mark E. The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (1992). Pulitzer Prize winner. online version
  • Neely, Mark E. Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict and the American Civil War (2011)
  • Oakes, James. The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2007. ISBN 0393061949. review
  • Ostendorf, Lloyd, and Hamilton, Charles. Lincoln in Photographs: An Album of Every Known Pose, Morningside House Inc., 1963, ISBN 0890290873.
  • Paludan, Phillip S. The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (1994), thorough treatment of Lincoln's administration
  • Peraino, Kevin (2014). Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power. Crown/Archetype. ISBN 978-0307887214.
  • Polsky, Andrew J. "'Mr. Lincoln's Army' Revisited: Partisanship, Institutional Position, and Union Army Command, 1861–1865." Studies in American Political Development (2002), 16: 176–207
  • Prokopowicz, Gerald J. (2008). Did Lincoln Own Slaves?. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0307279293.
  • Randall, James G. Lincoln the Liberal Statesman (1947)
  • Randall, James G. (1945–1955). Lincoln the President (4 volumes). Dodd, Mead. OCLC 4183070.
  • Richardson, Heather Cox. The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War (1997)
  • Scott, Kenneth (September 1948). "Press Opposition to Lincoln in New Hampshire". The New England Quarterly. 21 (3): 326–341. doi:10.2307/361094. JSTOR 361094.
  • Shenk, Joshua Wolf. Lincoln's Melancholy: How Depression Challenged a President and Fueled His Greatness (2005)
  • Tagg, Larry (2009). The Unpopular Mr. Lincoln: The Story of America's Most Reviled President. Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1932714616., a survey of contemporary criticism and polemic directed at Lincoln
  • Williams, Kenneth P. (1985). Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War. Vol. 1. New York: Macmilian Press.
  • —— (1949). Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War. Vol. 2. New York: Macmilian Press.
  • —— (1949). Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War. Vol. 3. New York: Macmilian Press.
  • —— (1985). Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War. Vol. 4. New York: Macmilian Press.
  • —— (1949). Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War. Vol. 5. New York: Macmillan Press.
  • White, Jonathan W. Abraham Lincoln and Treason in the Civil War: The Trials of John Merryman (2011). review
  • White, Jonathan W. Emancipation, the Union Army, and the Reelection of Abraham Lincoln (2014)
  • White, Jonathan W. Lincoln on Law, Leadership, and Life (2015). review
  • White, Jonathan W. My Day with Abe Lincoln (2024) Children's book based on facts of Lincoln's childhood.
  • Williams, T. Harry. Lincoln and His Generals (1967).
  • Wilson, Douglas L. Lincoln's Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words (2006) ISBN 1400040396.

Historiography and memory edit

  • Barr, John M. "Holding Up a Flawed Mirror to the American Soul: Abraham Lincoln in the Writings of Lerone Bennett Jr.," Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 35 (Winter 2014), 43–65.
  • Barr, John M. Loathing Lincoln: An American Tradition from the Civil War to the Present (LSU Press, 2014).
  • Boritt, Gabor S., ed. The Historian's Lincoln U. of Illinois Press, 1988
  • Bowden, Mark (June 2013). "Abraham Lincoln is an idiot : the difficulty of recognizing excellence in its own time". The Culture File. History. The Atlantic. 311 (5): 40–41.
  • Burkhimer, Michael. One hundred essential Lincoln books (2003), examines the major books
  • Foner, Eric, ed. Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World (2009), essays by scholars excerpt and text search
  • Holt, Michael F. "Lincoln Reconsidered." Journal of American History 96.2 (2009): 451–455. online
  • Holzer, Harold and Craig L. Symonds, eds. Exploring Lincoln: Great Historians Reappraise Our Greatest President (2015), essays by 16 scholars
  • Holzer, Harold (2008). Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter 1860–1861. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0743289474.
  • Kunhardt III, Philip B. et al. Looking for Lincoln: The Making of an American Icon (2012).
  • Manning, Chandra, "The Shifting Terrain of Attitudes toward Abraham Lincoln and Emancipation", Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, 34 (Winter 2013), 18–39.
  • Neely, Mark E. "The Lincoln Theme since Randall's Call: The Promises and Perils of Professionalism." Papers of the Abraham Lincoln Association 1 (1979): 10–70. in JSTOR
External videos
  Booknotes interview with Merrill Peterson on Lincoln in American Memory, August 14, 1994, C-SPAN[10]
  • Peterson, Merrill D. (1995). Lincoln in American Memory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195096453. wide-ranging survey of how Lincoln was remembered after 1865.
  • Pinsker, Matthew. "Lincoln Theme 2.0." Journal of American History 96.2 (2009): 417–440. online
  • Pinsker, Matthew. "Lincoln Theme 2.0." Journal of American History 96.2 (2009): 417–440. online
  • Randall, James G. "Has the Lincoln Theme Been Exhausted?." American Historical Review 41#2 (1936): 270–294. online
  • Reinhart, Mark S. (2008). Abraham Lincoln on Screen. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786435364.
  • Schwartz, Barry. Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory (2003) excerpt and text search
  • Schwartz, Barry. Abraham Lincoln in the post-heroic era: history and memory in late twentieth-century America (2008) excerpt and text search
  • Smith, Adam I.P. "The 'Cult' of Abraham Lincoln and the Strange Survival of Liberal England in the Era of the World Wars", Twentieth Century British History, (Dec 2010) 21#4 pp. 486–509.
  • Smith, A. I. P. (2010). "The 'Cult' of Abraham Lincoln and the Strange Survival of Liberal England in the Era of the World Wars". Twentieth Century British History. 21 (4): 486–509. doi:10.1093/tcbh/hwq023. S2CID 145087013.
  • Spielberg, Steven; Goodwin, Doris Kearns; Kushner, Tony. "Mr. Lincoln Goes to Hollywood", Smithsonian (2012) 43#7 pp. 46–53.
  • Thomas, Emory M. (2007). Gordon, Lesley J.; Inscoe, John C. (eds.). Inside the Confederate Nation: Essays in Honor of Emory M. Thomas. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0807132319.
  • Zilversmit, Arthur (1980). "Lincoln and the Problem of Race: A Decade of Interpretations" (PDF). Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. 2 (11): 22–45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2016-12-02.

Lincoln in art and popular culture edit

 
Emancipation Proclamation by Lee Lawrie
  • Lauriston, Bullard. F. (1952). Lincoln in Marble and Bronze. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
  • Ferguson, Andrew (2008). Land of Lincoln: Adventures in Abe's America. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0802143617.
  • Mead, Franklin B. (1932). Heroic Statues in Bronze of Abraham Lincoln: Introducing The Hoosier Youth by Paul Manship. The Lincoln National Life Foundation.
  • Moffatt, Frederick C. (1998). Errant Bronzes: George Grey Barnard's Statues of Abraham Lincoln. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press.
  • Murry, Freeman Henry Morris (1972) [1916]. Emancipation and the Freed in American Sculpture. Books For Libraries Press.
  • Petz, Weldon (1987). Michigan's Monumental Tributes to Abraham Lincoln. Historical Society of Michigan.
  • Redway, Maurine Whorton; Bracken, Dorothy Kendall (1957). Marks of Lincoln on Our Land. New York: Hastings House, Publishers.
  • Savage, Kirk (1997). Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race War and Monument in Nineteenth Century America. Princeton University Press.
  • Tice, George (1984). Lincoln. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.

Primary sources edit

  • Angle, Paul McClelland; Earl Schenck Miers (1992). The Living Lincoln: the Man, his Mind, his Times, and the War He Fought, Reconstructed from his Own Writings. Barnes & Noble Publishing. ISBN 978-1566190435.
  • Basler, Roy P. et al., eds. (1953). The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. 9 vols. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813501727.
  • Browne, Francis Fisher (1995). The Every-Day Life of Abraham Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803261152.
  • Lincoln, Abraham (2000). Philip Van Doren Stern (ed.). The Life and Writings of Abraham Lincoln. Modern Library Classics.
  • Fehrenbacher, Don E., ed. Abraham Lincoln: Speeches and Writings 1832–1858 (Library of America, ed. 1989) ISBN 978-0940450431
  • Fehrenbacher, Don E., ed. Abraham Lincoln: Speeches and Writings 1859–1865 (Library of America, ed. 1989) ISBN 978-0940450639
  • Lincoln, Abraham (1997). Bob R. Daniels (ed.). Partial Personal Journal of Abraham Lincoln. American Heritage History.
  • Holzer, Harold, ed. (2006). Dear Mr. Lincoln: Letters to the President. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-2686-0.
  • Stowell, Daniel W., et al., eds. The Papers of Abraham Lincoln: Legal Documents and Cases. (4 vols.) University of Virginia Press, 2008

Attacks on Lincoln edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln". quod.lib.umich.edu.
  2. ^ a b "Papers of Abraham Lincoln". Archived from the original on 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
  3. ^ "LPAL: Search". www.lawpracticeofabrahamlincoln.org.
  4. ^ Stowell, ed. The Papers of Abraham Lincoln: Legal Documents and Cases
  5. ^ Levingston, Steven (November 12, 2011). "Bill O'Reilly's 'Killing Lincoln' not for sale at Ford's Theatre museum bookstore". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09.
  6. ^ Grossman, Lev (January 31, 2008). "The Lincoln Compulsion". Time.
  7. ^ "Lincoln". C-SPAN. December 24, 1995. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
  8. ^ "Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President". C-SPAN. April 16, 2000. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
  9. ^ "The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln". C-SPAN. June 12, 1994. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
  10. ^ "Lincoln in American Memory". C-SPAN. August 14, 1994. Retrieved March 26, 2017.

External links edit

  • Booknotes interview with Harold Holzer on The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, August 22, 1993.
  • Booknotes interview with Douglas Wilson on Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln, March 29, 1998.
  • Booknotes interview with Lerone Bennett, Jr. on Forced Into Glory, September 10, 2000.
  • Booknotes interview with Edward Steers, Jr. on Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, February 17, 2002.
  • Booknotes interview with Frank Williams on Judging Lincoln, November 10, 2002.
  • Booknotes interview with Matthew Pinsker on Lincoln's Sanctuary: Abraham Lincoln and the Soldiers' Home, December 21, 2003.
  • Booknotes interview with Mario Cuomo on Why Lincoln Matters, July 25, 2004.
  • C-SPAN Q&A interview with Harold Holzer on Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter, 1860–1861, November 9, 2008
  • In Depth discussion of books on Lincoln, February 1, 2009 with Frank J. Williams and Edna Greene Medford.