2011 in paleontology

Summary

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2011.

List of years in paleontology (table)
In paleobotany
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
In arthropod paleontology
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
In paleoentomology
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
In paleomalacology
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
In reptile paleontology
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
In archosaur paleontology
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
In mammal paleontology
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
In paleoichthyology
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014

Protozoa edit

New taxa edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Vetufebrus[2]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Poinar

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

  Dominican Republic

A Plasmodiidae vectored by the bat fly Enischnomyia stegosoma

 
Vetufebrus ovatus

Plants edit

Ferns and fern allies edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Synonymized taxa Notes Images

Drynaria callispora[3]

Sp nov

Su et al

Pliocene

Sanying Formation

  China

A Drynaria species fern

Equisetum thermale[4]

sp. nov

Valid

Channing, Zamuner, Edwards, & Guido

Callovian - Tithonian

La Matilde Formation

  Argentina

oldest crown group Equisetum species

Gymnosperms edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Synonymized taxa Notes Images

Agathoxylon byeongpungense[5]

comb nov

(Kim et al.) Oh et al.

Cretaceous
(Aptian - Albian)

Donghwachi Formation

  South Korea

An Araucariaceous wood

Agathoxylon kiiense[5]

comb nov

(Ogura) Oh et al.

Cretaceous
(Aptian - Albian)

Togeum Formation

  South Korea

An Araucariaceous wood

Agathoxylon togeumense[5]

Sp nov

Oh et al.

Cretaceous
(Aptian - Albian)

Togeum Formation

  South Korea

An Araucariaceous wood

Cariria[6]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Kunzmann et al.

Aptian

Crato Formation

  Brazil

A possible gnetophyte

Cupressus guangxiensis[7]

Sp nov

Shi et al.

Oligocene

Ningming Formation

  China

A cuprecaceous foliage/cone species

Hughmillerites[8]

Gen et comb nov

Rothwell et al.

Jurassic
Kimmeridgian

Kimmeridge Clay Formation

  UK
  Scotland

  • Conites juddii (1913)

A cuprecaceous cone morphotaxon
The type species is H. juddii

Pinus arnoldii[9]

Syn nov

Valid

Miller

Eocene
Ypresian

Allenby Formation
Princeton chert

  Canada
  British Columbia

A permineralized pine
An amplified "whole plant reconstruction" including P. similkameenensis foliage/wood

Protaxodioxylon turolense[11]

Sp nov

Vozenin-Serra

Cretaceous
late Albian

Utrillas Formation

  Spain

A cupressaceous wood

Qataniaria[12]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Krassilov & Schrank

Albian

Hatira Formation

  Israel

A gymnosperm pollen morphotype

Schizolepis daohugouensis[13]

Sp nov

Zhang et al.

Jurassic

Daohugou flora

  China

A pinaceous relative

Gymnosperm research edit

  • An amplified whole plant reconstruction of the Ypresian Princeton chert pine Pinus arnoldii, expanding the diagnosis to include P. similkameenensis (Miller, 1973) foliage and wood plus unnamed pollens cones found in attachment to the P. arnoldii ovulate cones is published by Klymiuk, Stockey, & Rothwell.[9]

Angiosperms edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Synonymized taxa Notes Images

Ficus palaeoracemosa[14]

Sp nov

Srivastava, Srivastava, & Mehrotra

Early Miocene

Kasauli Formation

  India

A fig leaf morphospecies

Leefructus[15]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Sun, Dilcher, Wang, & Chen

Early Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

  China

A basal eudicot

Oemleria janhartfordae[16]

Species

Valid

Benedict, DeVore, & Pigg

Eocene
Ypresian

Okanagan Highlands
Klondike Mountain Formation

  USA
  Washington

An Osoberry flower

Palmoxylon lametaei[17]

Species

Valid

Dutta, Ambwani, & Estrada-Ruiz

Maastrichtian

Lameta Formation

  India

A palm wood morphospecies

Prunus cathybrownae[16]

Species

Valid

Benedict, DeVore, & Pigg

Eocene
Ypresian

Okanagan Highlands
Klondike Mountain Formation

  USA
  Washington

A cherry flower species

 
Prunus cathybrownae

Nematoda edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Formicodiplogaster[18]

Gen et sp nov

valid

Poinar

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

  Dominican Republic

A diplogasterid nematode
The type species is F. myrmenema
parasite of Azteca species ants

 
Formicodiplogaster myrmenema

Lobopods edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Diania cactiformis[19]

Valid

Liu et al.

Lower Cambrian

Maotianshan shale

  China

A lobopodian.

Mureropodia apae

Valid

Gamez Vintaned, Linan, & Zhuravlev

Early Cambrian

Murero

  Spain

A lobopodian.

Siberion lenaicus

Valid

Dzik

Early Cambrian

Sinsk Formation

  Russia

A lobopodian.

Vetulicolians edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Ooedigera peeli[20]

gen. nov

valid

Zinther, et al.

Early Cambrian

Sirius Passet

  Greenland

earliest known vetulicolian described

 
Artist's reconstruction

Molluscs edit

Arthropods edit

Fishes edit

Amphibians edit

Newly named lepospondyls edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Kirktonecta[21]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Clack

Viséan

East Kirkton Quarry

A microsaur.

Tambaroter[22]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Early Permian

Tambach Formation

An ostodolepid.

Newly named temnospondyls edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Acheloma dunni[23]

Species

Valid

  • Polley
  • Reisz

Early Permian

A trematopid.

Calmasuchus[24]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Fortuny
  • Galobart
  • De Santisteban

early-middle Anisian

Catalan basin

A capitosaurian.

Rotaryus[25]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Early Permian

Tambach Formation

A trematopid.

Rubeostratilia[26]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Bourget
  • Anderson

Early Permian

An amphibamid.

 
Rubeostratilia texensis.

Newly named lissamphibians edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Urupia[27]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Skutschas
  • Krasnolutskii

Bathonian

Itat Formation

A basal stem salamander.

Basal reptiles edit

Newly named captorhinids edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Gansurhinus[28]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Middle Permian

A moradisaurine captorhinid.

Newly named basal diapsids edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Orovenator[29]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Sakmarian

The oldest and most basal neodiapsid.

Newly named ichthyosaurs edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Sveltonectes[30]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Barremian

An ophthalmosaurid.

Lepidosauromorphs edit

Newly named saurosphargids edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Sinosaurosphargis[31]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Middle Anisian

Guanling Formation

An incertae sedis.

Newly named sauropterygians edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Abyssosaurus[32]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Berezin

Late Hauterivian

An aristonectid.

Diandongosaurus[33]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Shang
  • Wu
  • Li

Middle Anisian

Guanling Formation

A relative of nothosauroids.[34]

Dianopachysaurus[35]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Middle Anisian

Guanling Formation

A keichousaurid pachypleurosaur.

Hauffiosaurus tomistomimus[36]

Species

Valid

Early Toarcian

Whitby Limestone Formation

A second species of Hauffiosaurus.

Marmornectes[37]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Ketchum
  • Benson

Callovian

Oxford Clay Formation

A pliosaurid.

Westphaliasaurus[38]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Schwermann
  • Sander

Pliensbachian

Höxter district

A plesiosaurid plesiosaur.

Zarafasaura[39]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Maastrichtian

An elasmosaurid plesiosaur.

Newly named lizards edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Brasiliguana[40]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Nava
  • Martinelli

Turonian/Santonian

Adamantina Formation

An iguanian lizard.

Cryptolacerta[41]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Lutetian

Messel pit

An amphisbaenian lizard.

Latoplatecarpus[42]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Konishi
  • Caldwell

Campanian

Pierre Shale Formation
Demopolis Chalk Formation

A plioplatecarpine mosasaur. Its type species is Latoplatecarpus willistoni; "Plioplatecarpus" nichollsae (Cuthbertson et al.., 2007) is a second species of Latoplatecarpus.

Oreithyia[43][44]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

  • Smith

Eocene (Chadronian)

A member of Corytophanidae. The type species is Oreithyia oaklandi.

Plesioplatecarpus[42]

Gen. et comb.

Valid

  • Konishi
  • Caldwell

Middle Coniacian to middle Santonian.

Niobrara Chalk
Eutaw Formation

A plioplatecarpine mosasaur, a new genus for "Clidastes" planifrons (Cope, 1874).

Queironius[43]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

  • Smith

Eocene (Chadronian)

A relative of the desert iguana. The type species is Queironius praelapsus.

Sauropithecoides[43]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

  • Smith

Eocene (Chadronian)

A member of Polychrotidae; a new genus for "Polychrus" charisticus Smith (2006).

Newly named snakes edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Madtsoia pisdurensis[45]

Species

Valid

  • Mohabey
  • Head
  • Wilson

Late Cretaceous

A madtsoiid snake.

Turtles edit

Newly named turtles edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Albertwoodemys[46]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Early Oligocene

Jebel Qatrani Formation

A podocnemidid.

Brontochelys[46]

Gen. et comb.

Valid

  • Gaffney
  • Meylan
  • et al.

Early Miocene

A podocnemidid, a new genus for "Shweboemys" gaffneyi.

Cordichelys[46]

Gen. et comb.

Valid

  • Gaffney
  • Meylan
  • et al.

Late Eocene

Qasr el-Sagha beds

A podocnemidid, a new genus for "Podocnemis" antiqua.

Gilmoremys[47]

Gen. et comb.

Valid

  • Joyce
  • Lyson

Maastrichtian

Lance Formation
Hell Creek Formation

A softshell turtle, new genus for "Aspideretes" lancensis (Gilmore, 1928).

Graptemys kerneri[48]

Sp. nov

Valid

  • Ehret & Bourque

Late Pleistocene

An emydid, a species of Graptemys.

Hispaniachelys[49]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Oxfordian

Lorente Formation

A paracryptodire or a basal testudine.

Hoplochelys clark[50]

Species

Valid

Maastrichtian

Hell Creek Formation

A kinosternoid, a species of Hoplochelys.

Lapparentemys[46]

Gen. et comb.

Valid

  • Gaffney
  • Meylan
  • et al.

Paleocene

Santa Lucía Formation

A podocnemidid, a new genus for "Roxochelys" vilavilensis.

Latentemys[46]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Gaffney
  • Meylan
  • et al.

Uncertain, possibly Miocene.

Uncertain, possibly Moghara Formation.

A podocnemidid.

Lemurchelys[46]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Gaffney
  • Meylan
  • et al.

Early Miocene

Moghara Formation

A podocnemidid.

Mogharemys[46]

Gen. et comb.

Valid

  • Gaffney
  • Meylan
  • et al.

Miocene

A podocnemidid, a new genus for "Sternothaerus" blanckenhorni.

Oliveremys[51]

Gen. et comb. nov.

Valid

  • Vitek

Eocene

Washakie Formation

A trionychid, a new genus for "Trionyx" uintaensis.

Patagoniaemys[52]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Sterli
  • De la Fuente

Campanian - Maastrichtian

La Colonia Formation

A stem turtle.

Peiropemys[46]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Gaffney
  • Meylan
  • et al.

Late Cretaceous

Marília Formation

A podocnemidid.

Pricemys[46]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Gaffney
  • Meylan
  • et al.

Late Cretaceous

Marília Formation

A podocnemidid.

Prochelidella cerrobarcinae[53]

Species

Valid

Aptian/Albian

Cerro Barcino Formation

The oldest known chelid, a species of Prochelidella.

Selenemys[54]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Pérez-García
  • Ortega

Upper Kimmeridgian

Lusitanian Basin

A pleurosternid.

Sokatra[55]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Gaffney
  • Krause

Maastrichtian

Maevarano Formation

A pleurodiran.

Trionyx ikoviensis[56]

Species

Valid

Middle Eocene

A species of Trionyx sensu lato.

Wilburemys[57]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Martin & Mallory

Late Miocene-Pliocene
(Hemphillian-Blancan)

Ellensburg Formation

  USA
  Washington

An emydine Emydidae pond turtle.
The type species is W. yakimensis.

Archosauromorphs edit

Newly named basal archosauromorphs edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Archeopelta[58]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Desojo
  • Ezcurra
  • Schultz

Late Ladinian/Early Carnian

Santa Maria Formation

A member of Archosauriformes of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Originally classified as a doswelliid, but subsequently argued to be an erpetosuchid archosaur.[59]

 
Archeopelta arborensis

Augustaburiania[60]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Sennikov

Early Triassic

Don River Basin

The earliest tanystropheid.

Kyrgyzsaurus[61]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Alifanov
  • Kurochkin

Late Ladinian/Early Carnian

Madygen Formation

The earliest drepanosaurid.

Protanystropheus[60]

Gen. et comb.

Valid

  • Sennikov

Middle - Late Triassic

A tanystropheid, a new genus for "Tanystropheus" antiquus (von Huene, 1905).

Archosaurs edit

Synapsids edit

Newly named non-mammalian synapsids edit

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Annatherapsidus postum[62]

Sp.

Valid

  • Ivakhnenko

Late Permian

A therocephalian.

Basilodon[63]

Gen. et comb.

Valid

  • Kammerer
  • Angielczyk
  • Fröbisch

Late Permian

A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" woodwardi.

Bridetherium[64]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Clemens

Early Jurassic

A morganucodontan.

Candelariodon[65]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Middle Triassic

Santa Maria Formation

A carnivorous cynodont.

Cryptovenator[66]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Late Gzhelian

Remigiusberg Formation

A sphenacodontid pelycosaur. The type species is Cryptovenator hirschbergeri.

Euptychognathus[63]

Gen. et comb.

Valid

  • Kammerer
  • Angielczyk
  • Fröbisch

Late Permian

A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" bathyrhynchus.

Euromycter[67]

Gen. et comb.

Valid

Upper Sakmarian - Lower Lopingian

Grès Rouge Group

A large caseid. A new genus for "Casea" rutena.

Gorochovetzia[62]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Ivakhnenko

Late Permian

A therocephalian.

Keyseria[63]

Gen. et comb.

Valid

  • Kammerer
  • Angielczyk
  • Fröbisch

Late Permian

A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" benjamini.

Muchia[62]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Ivakhnenko

Late Permian

A therocephalian.

Paceyodon[64]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Clemens

Early Jurassic

A morganucodontan.

Peramodon[63]

Gen. et comb.

Valid

  • Kammerer
  • Angielczyk
  • Fröbisch

Late Permian

A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" amalitzkii

Perplexisaurus lepusculus[62]

Species

Valid

  • Ivakhnenko

Middle Permian

A therocephalian.

Purlovia[62]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

  • Ivakhnenko

Late Permian

A therocephalian with a short skull.

 
Purlovia

Ruthenosaurus[67]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Upper Sakmarian - Lower Lopingian

Grès Rouge Group

A large caseid. The type species is Ruthenosaurus russellorum

Syops[63]

Gen. et comb.

Valid

  • Kammerer
  • Angielczyk
  • Fröbisch

Late Permian

A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" vanhoepeni.

Tiarajudens[68]

Gen. et sp.

Valid

Capitanian

Rio do Rasto Formation

A basal, saber-toothed herbivorous anomodont. The type species is Tiarajudens eccentricus.

Mammals edit

Footnotes edit

Complete author list edit

As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.

  1. ^ Henrici, Martens, Berman, Sumida.
  2. ^ Berman, Henrici, Martens, Sumida, Anderson
  3. ^ Reisz, Liu, Li, Müller.
  4. ^ Fischer, Masure, Arkhangelsky, Godefroit.
  5. ^ Li, Rieppel, Wu, Zhao, Wang.
  6. ^ Liu, Rieppel, Jiang, Aitchison, Motani, Zhang, Zhou, Sun.
  7. ^ Benson, Ketchum, Noè, Gómez-Pérez.
  8. ^ Vincent, Bardet, Suberbiola, Bouya, Amaghzaz, Meslouh.
  9. ^ Müller, Hipsley, Head, Kardjilov, Hilger, Wuttke, Reisz.
  10. ^ Gaffney, Meylan, Wood, Simons and Campos
  11. ^ Slater, Reolid, Wood, Schouten and Benton
  12. ^ Knauss, Joyce, Lyson and Pearson
  13. ^ de la Fuente, Umazano, Sterli and Carballido
  14. ^ Danilov, Zvonok, Syromyatnikova and Udovichenko
  15. ^ De Oliveira, Schultz, Soares, Rodrigues.
  16. ^ Fröbisch, Schoch, Müller, Schindler, Schweiss.
  17. ^ a b Reisz, Maddin, Fröbisch, Falconnet.
  18. ^ Cisneros, Abdala, Rubidge, Dentzien-Dias, Bueno.

References edit

  1. ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
  2. ^ Poinar, G. (2011). "Vetufebrus ovatus n. gen., n. sp. (Haemospororida: Plasmodiidae) vectored by a streblid bat fly (Diptera: Streblidae) in Dominican amber". Parasites & Vectors. 4 (229): 1–5. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-229. PMC 3253689. PMID 22152687.
  3. ^ Su, T.; Jacques, F.; Liu, Y.; Xiang, J.; Xing, Y.; Huang, Y.; Zhou, Z. (2011). "A new Drynaria (Polypodiaceae) from the upper Pliocene of Southwest China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 164 ((1-2)): 132–142. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2010.11.011.
  4. ^ Channing, A.; Zamuner, A.; Edwards, D.; Guido, D. (2011). "Equisetum thermale sp. nov. (Equisetales) from the Jurassic San Agustin hot spring deposit, Patagonia: Anatomy, paleoecology, and inferred paleoecophysiology". American Journal of Botany. 98 (4): 680–697. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000211. hdl:11336/95234. PMID 21613167.
  5. ^ a b c Oh, C.; Kim, K.; Paik, I.; Lim, J. (2011). "Cretaceous conifer woods of Korea: Occurrences and palaeobiological implications". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 164 (1–2): 67–83. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2010.11.007.
  6. ^ Kunzmann, L.; Mohr, B.A.R.; Wilde, V.; Bernardes-de-Oliveira, M.E.C. (2011). "A putative gnetalean gymnosperm Cariria orbiculiconiformis gen. nov. et spec. nov. from the Early Cretaceous of northern Gondwana". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 165 (1–2): 75–95. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2011.02.005.
  7. ^ Shi, G.; Zhou, Z.; Xie, Z. (2011). "Cupressus foliage shoots and associated seed cones from the Oligocene Ningming Formation of Guangxi, South China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 166 (3–4): 325–334.
  8. ^ Rothwell, G.; Stockey, R.; Mapes, G.; Hilton, J. (2011). "Structure and relationships of the Jurassic conifer seed cone Hughmillerites juddii gen. et comb. nov.: implications for the origin and evolution of Cupressaceae". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 164 (1–2): 45–59.
  9. ^ a b Klymiuk, A. A.; Stockey, R. A.; Rothwell, G. W. (2011). "The first organismal concept for an extinct species of Pinaceae: Pinus arnoldii Miller". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (2): 294–313. doi:10.1086/657649. S2CID 84137991.
  10. ^ Miller Jr, C. N. (1973). "Silicified cones and vegetative remains of Pinus from Eocene of British Columbia". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 24: 101–118.
  11. ^ Vozenin-Serra, C.; Diez, J.; Ferrer, J. (2011). "A new species of Protaxodioxylon (Cupressaceae sl) from the late Albian of the Aragonian branch of the Iberian Range (Spain) Palaeoclimatic implications". Geodiversitas. 33 (1): 11–24. doi:10.5252/g2011n1a1. S2CID 128392110.
  12. ^ Valentin Krassilov; Eckart Schrank (2011). "New Albian macro- and palynoflora from the Negev (Israel) with description of a new gymnosperm morphotaxon". Cretaceous Research. 32 (1): 13–29. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.10.001.
  13. ^ Zhang, J.; D'Rozario, A.; Yao, J.; Wu, Z.; Wang, L. (2011). "A new species of the extinct genus Schizolepis from the Jurassic Daohugou Flora, Inner Mongolia, China with special reference to the fossil diversity and evolutionary implications". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 85 (2): 471–481. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00415.x. S2CID 129785532.
  14. ^ Srivastava, G.; Srivastava, R.; Mehrotra, R. (2011). "Ficus palaeoracemosa sp. nov.–A new fossil leaf from the Kasauli Formation of Himachal Pradesh and its palaeoclimatic significance". Journal of Earth System Science. 120 (2): 253–262. Bibcode:2011JESS..120..253S. doi:10.1007/s12040-011-0054-9. S2CID 129960761.
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