• Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party: Mao Zedong
• President of the People's Republic of China: Mao Zedong
• Premier of the People's Republic of China: Zhou Enlai
• Chairman of the National People's Congress: Liu Shaoqi
• Vice President of the People's Republic of China: Zhu De (starting September 27)
• Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China: Dong Biwu (until September 15), Chen Yun (starting September 15)

Governors edit

• Governor of Anhui Province: Zeng Xisheng
• Governor of Fujian Province: Zhang Dingcheng then Ye Fei
• Governor of Gansu Province: Deng Baoshan
• Governor of Guangdong Province: Tao Zhu
• Governor of Guizhou Province: Yang Yong (until unknown)
• Governor of Hebei Province: Yang Xiufeng then Lin Tie
• Governor of Heilongjiang Province: Chen Lei then Han Guang
• Governor of Henan Province: Wu Zhipu
• Governor of Hubei Province: Li Xiannian then Liu Zihou
• Governor of Hunan Province: Cheng Qian
• Governor of Jiangsu Province: Tan Zhenlin
• Governor of Jiangxi Province: Shao Shiping
• Governor of Jilin Province: Li Youwen
• Governor of Liaoning Province: Du Zheheng (starting August)
• Governor of Qinghai Province: Zhang Zhongliang then Sun Zuobin
• Governor of Shaanxi Province: Zhao Shoushan
• Governor of Shandong Province: Kang Sheng
• Governor of Shanxi Province: Pei Lisheng
• Governor of Sichuan Province: Li Jingquan
• Governor of Yunnan Province: Chen Geng
• Governor of Zhejiang Province: Tan Zhenlin

• September 20 – the first meeting of the National People's Congress in Beijing unanimously approved the 1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the first constitution in the PRC since the state's founding
• October 1 – The China Construction Bank was founded.
• Unknown date – Fuzhou Battery Factory, as predecessor of Nanfu Battery was founded in Fujian Province.^{[citation needed]}

• 1954 in Chinese film