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1888 United States House of Representatives elections 
Summary
The 1888 United States House of Representatives elections were held for the most part on November 6, 1888, with three states holding theirs early between June and September. They occurred at the same time as the election of President Benjamin Harrison. Elections were initially held for 325 seats of the United States House of Representatives, representing 38 states, to serve in the 51st United States Congress. Six new states would later join the union and increase the House to 332 seats. Special elections were also held throughout the year.
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All 332 seats in the United States House of Representatives[b] 167 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Map of U.S. House elections results from 1888 elections for 51st Congress on election day (a number of Southern seats were later successfully contested and the results overturned) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Harrison's Republican Party gained a majority in the House at the expense of the Democratic Party, even though incumbent President Grover Cleveland actually received more votes counted than Harrison. However, as in other elections in the period, widespread vote suppression and fraud was common on behalf of Democrats and against black Republicans in the South. The Republican House majority in uncontested elections unseated a number of initially reported as victorious Democratic candidates in favor of Republican candidates who contested their election loss. The issue of tariffs played a key role in this election. The Democrats, with the support of farmers and laborers, wanted to lower tariffs in order to promote free trade, while the Republicans, backed by industry and big business, believed that higher tariffs were necessary to protect American manufacturing. Especially in industrializing regions, voters chose the Republican view on tariffs, as they gave the party a slim majority in the House.
Hamilton D. Coleman’s win in the Second District would prove the last time until 1972 that a Republican won any House seat in Louisiana,[2] for the disenfrachisement of almost all blacks in the 1890s would leave that state completely devoid of Republican support until after the Dixiecrat bolt.[3]
Election summaries edit
Seven seats were added, for the six new states of, in order of admission (number of House seats for each new state listed in parentheses): North Dakota (1), South Dakota (2), Montana (1), Washington (1), Idaho (1), and Wyoming (1).
| 179 | 1 | 152 |
| Republican | [e] | Democratic |
| State | Type | Total seats |
Republican | Democratic | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seats | Change | Seats | Change | |||
| Alabama | District | 8 | 1 |  1
|
7 |  1
|
| Arkansas | District | 5[f] | 1 | 
|
3 |
|
| California | District | 6 | 4 |
|
2 |
|
| Colorado | At-large | 1 | 1 |
|
0 |
|
| Connecticut | District | 4 | 3 | 1
|
1 | 1
|
| Delaware | At-large | 1 | 0 |
|
1 |
|
| Florida | District | 2 | 0 |
|
2 |
|
| Georgia | District | 10 | 0 |
|
10 |
|
| Illinois | District | 20 | 13 | 1
|
7 | 1
|
| Indiana | District | 13 | 3 | 4
|
10 | 4
|
| Iowa | District | 11[g] | 10 | 1
|
1 |
|
| Kansas | District | 7 | 7 |
|
0 |
|
| Kentucky | District | 11 | 2 | 1
|
9 | 1
|
| Louisiana | District | 6 | 1 | 1
|
5 | 1
|
| Maine[h] | District | 4 | 4 |
|
0 |
|
| Maryland | District | 6 | 3 | 2
|
3 | 2
|
| Massachusetts | District | 12 | 10 | 2
|
2 | 2
|
| Michigan | District | 11 | 9 | 3
|
2 | 3
|
| Minnesota | District | 5 | 5 | 3
|
0 | 3
|
| Mississippi | District | 7 | 0 |
|
7 |
|
| Missouri | District | 14 | 4 | 2
|
10 | 2
|
| Nebraska | District | 3 | 3 | 1
|
0 | 1
|
| Nevada | At-large | 1 | 1 |
|
0 |
|
| New Hampshire | District | 2 | 2 | 1
|
0 | 1
|
| New Jersey | District | 7 | 4 | 1
|
3 | 1
|
| New York | District | 34 | 19 | 1
|
15 | 1
|
| North Carolina | District | 9[i] | 3 | 2
|
6 | 2
|
| Ohio | District | 21 | 16 | 1
|
5 | 1
|
| Oregon[h] | At-large | 1 | 1 |
|
0 |
|
| Pennsylvania | District[j] | 28 | 21 | 1
|
7 | 1
|
| Rhode Island | District | 2 | 2 |
|
0 |
|
| South Carolina | District | 7 | 1 | 1
|
6 | 1
|
| Tennessee | District | 10 | 3 | 1
|
7 | 1
|
| Texas | District | 11 | 0 |
|
11 |
|
| Vermont[h] | District | 2 | 2 |
|
0 |
|
| Virginia | District | 10[k] | 4 | 2
|
6 | 3
|
| West Virginia | District | 4 | 2 | 1
|
2 | 1
|
| Wisconsin | District | 9[k] | 7 |
|
2 | 1
|
| 1889 elections (New States) | ||||||
| Montana | At-large | 1 | 1 | 1
|
0 |
|
| North Dakota | At-large | 1 | 1 | 1
|
0 |
|
| South Dakota | At-large | 2 | 2 | 2
|
0 |
|
| Washington | At-large | 1 | 1 | 1
|
0 |
|
| 1890 elections (New States) | ||||||
| Idaho | At-large | 1 | 1 | 1
|
0 |
|
| Wyoming | At-large | 1 | 1 | 1
|
0 |
|
| Total[b] | 332 | 179[1] 53.9% |
17
|
152[1] 45.8% |
6
| |
The previous election had 4 third-party candidates, 2 Labor, 1 Greenback, and 1 Independent.
Election dates edit
All states elected their members November 6, 1888 except, three states, with 7 seats among them:
Alabama edit
Arizona Territory edit
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Arkansas edit
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Arkansas 1 | Poindexter Dunn | Democratic | 1878 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| Arkansas 2 | Clifton R. Breckinridge | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Arkansas 3 | Thomas C. McRae | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Arkansas 4 | John H. Rogers | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Arkansas 5 | Samuel W. Peel | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
In the 1st district, initial returns showed William H. Cate (Democratic) winning the election, but the election was contested by Lewis P. Featherstone (Labor), and on May 5, 1890, he was declared the winner.
In the 2nd district, Clifton R. Breckinridge (Democratic) was initially declared re-elected. John M. Clayton successfully contested the election, but was assassinated before the contest was complete, so the House declared the seat vacant. Breckinridge was subsequently re-elected November 4, 1890 to finish the term.
California edit
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| California 1 | Thomas Larkin Thompson | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
| California 2 | Marion Biggs | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| California 3 | Joseph McKenna | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| California 4 | William W. Morrow | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| California 5 | Charles N. Felton | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
| California 6 | William Vandever | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold |
|
Colorado edit
Connecticut edit
Delaware edit
Florida edit
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Florida 1 | Robert H. M. Davidson | Democratic | 1876 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Florida 2 | Charles Dougherty | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold |
|
Idaho Territory edit
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Illinois edit
Indiana edit
Iowa edit
Kansas edit
Kentucky edit
Louisiana edit
Maine edit
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Maine 1 | Thomas B. Reed | Republican | 1876 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Maine 2 | Nelson Dingley Jr. | Republican | 1881 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Maine 3 | Seth L. Milliken | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Maine 4 | Charles A. Boutelle | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Maryland edit
Massachusetts edit
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Massachusetts 1 | Robert T. Davis | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Massachusetts 2 | John Davis Long | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Massachusetts 3 | Leopold Morse | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| Massachusetts 4 | Patrick Collins | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| Massachusetts 5 | Edward D. Hayden | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Massachusetts 6 | Henry Cabot Lodge | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 7 | William Cogswell | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 8 | Charles Herbert Allen | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent not re-nominated. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Massachusetts 9 | Edward Burnett | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
| Massachusetts 10 | John E. Russell | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
| Massachusetts 11 | William Whiting II | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 12 | Francis W. Rockwell | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Michigan edit
Minnesota edit
Mississippi edit
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Mississippi 1 | John M. Allen | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Mississippi 2 | James B. Morgan | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Mississippi 3 | Thomas C. Catchings | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Mississippi 4 | Frederick G. Barry | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| Mississippi 5 | Chapman L. Anderson | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Mississippi 6 | T. R. Stockdale | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Mississippi 7 | Charles E. Hooker | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Missouri edit
Nebraska edit
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Nebraska 1 | John A. McShane | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
| Nebraska 2 | James Laird | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Nebraska 3 | George W. E. Dorsey | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Nevada edit
New Hampshire edit
New Jersey edit
Montana Territory edit
See Non-voting delegates, below.
New Mexico Territory edit
See Non-voting delegates, below.
New York edit
North Carolina edit
Ohio edit
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[14] | |
| Ohio 1 | Benjamin Butterworth | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 2 | Charles Elwood Brown | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Ohio 3 | Elihu S. Williams | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 4 | Samuel S. Yoder | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 5 | George E. Seney | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 6 | Melvin M. Boothman | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 7 | James E. Campbell | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
| Ohio 8 | Robert P. Kennedy | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 9 | William C. Cooper | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 10 | Jacob Romeis | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
| Ohio 11 | Albert C. Thompson | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 12 | Jacob J. Pugsley | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 13 | Joseph H. Outhwaite | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 14 | Charles P. Wickham | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 15 | Charles H. Grosvenor | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 16 | Beriah Wilkins | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| Ohio 17 | Joseph D. Taylor | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 18 | William McKinley | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 19 | Ezra B. Taylor | Republican | 1880 (s) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 20 | George W. Crouse | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Ohio 21 | Martin A. Foran | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
Oregon edit
Pennsylvania edit
Rhode Island edit
South Carolina edit
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| South Carolina 1 | Samuel Dibble | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| South Carolina 2 | George D. Tillman | Democratic | 1878 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| South Carolina 3 | James S. Cothran | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| South Carolina 4 | William H. Perry | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| South Carolina 5 | John J. Hemphill | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| South Carolina 6 | George W. Dargan | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| South Carolina 7 | William Elliott | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
In the 7th district, Elliott was initially declared re-elected, but Miller successfully challenged the election and was seated in his place in September 1890.
Tennessee edit
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Tennessee 1 | Roderick R. Butler | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Tennessee 2 | Leonidas C. Houk | Republican | 1878 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 3 | John R. Neal | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
| Tennessee 4 | Benton McMillin | Democratic | 1878 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 5 | James D. Richardson | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 6 | Joseph E. Washington | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 7 | Washington C. Whitthorne | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 8 | Benjamin A. Enloe | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 9 | Presley T. Glass | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| Tennessee 10 | James Phelan Jr. | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Texas edit
Utah Territory edit
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Vermont edit
Virginia edit
Washington Territory edit
See Non-voting delegates, below.
West Virginia edit
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| West Virginia 1 | Nathan Goff Jr. | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
| Election successfully contested. New member seated February 26, 1890. Republican hold. |
| ||||
| West Virginia 2 | William L. Wilson | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| West Virginia 3 | Charles P. Snyder | Democratic | 1883 (special) | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| West Virginia 4 | Charles E. Hogg | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| Election successfully contested. New member seated February 3, 1890. Republican gain. | |||||
Wisconsin edit
Wisconsin elected nine members of congress on Election Day, November 6, 1888.[30][31]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Wisconsin 1 | Lucien B. Caswell | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Wisconsin 2 | Richard W. Guenther | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent declined re-nomination. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
| Wisconsin 3 | Robert M. La Follette | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Wisconsin 4 | Henry Smith | Union Labor | 1886 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
| Wisconsin 5 | Thomas R. Hudd | Democratic | 1886 Special |
Incumbent lost re-nomination. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| Wisconsin 6 | Charles B. Clark | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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| Wisconsin 7 | Ormsby B. Thomas | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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| Wisconsin 8 | Nils P. Haugen | Republican | 1887 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Wisconsin 9 | Isaac Stephenson | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent declined re-nomination. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Wyoming Territory edit
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Non-voting delegates edit
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Arizona Territory at-large | |||||
| Idaho Territory at-large | Fred Dubois | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Montana Territory at-large | Joseph K. Toole | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
| New Mexico Territory at-large | |||||
| Utah Territory at-large | |||||
| Washington Territory at-large | |||||
| Wyoming Territory at-large | Joseph M. Carey | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Regulars only, not including Specials.
- ^ a b Includes the late elections of six new states that joined the union in 1889 and 1890.
- ^ a b There are significant discrepancies between the party counts provided by Martis (pp. 142–43) and Dubin (p. 285) in regards to the 51st Congress, mainly due to the fact that Martis counts the results of many later contested elections (which were generally decided in favor of the challenging Republican candidate, resulting in the unseating of a number of Democratic members). Dubin records 169 Republicans and 161 Democrats on the first day of the 1st session of the 51st Congress; Dubin reports 177 Republicans, 154 Democrats, and one Labor Party member at the start of the 2nd session of the 51st Congress, figures that nearly match Martis' numbers.
- ^ Including 2 Independent Republicans, John Alexander Anderson elected to Kansas's 5th congressional district, and Albert R. Anderson to Iowa's 8th congressional district.
- ^ There was 1 labor member.
- ^ After a contested election, Lewis P. Featherstone of the Labor Party was declared the winner in Arkansas's 1st congressional district.
- ^ Previous election had 1 Greenback Party Representative.
- ^ a b c Elections held early.
- ^ Previous election had 1 Independent.
- ^ At-large seat eliminated in redistricting.
- ^ a b Previous election had 1 Labor Party member.
References edit
- ^ a b c d e Martis, pp. 142–143.
- ^ "Parish Follows Trend: Local Voters Support Nixon, Treen, Johnston". The St. Charles Herald. Hahnville, Louisiana. November 9, 1972. p. 1.
- ^ Phillips, Kevin P. The Emerging Republican Majority. pp. 208, 210. ISBN 9780691163246.
- ^ "MS - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Nov 6, 1888". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NE - District 02 Race - Nov 6, 1888". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NE - District 03 Race - Nov 6, 1888". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 567, 568.
- ^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ "WV District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "WV District 01 Recount". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "WV District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "WV District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "WV District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2021 – via Wayback Machine.
- ^ Timme, Ernst G., ed. (1889). "Biographical" (PDF). The Blue Book of the State of Wisconsin (Report). Madison, Wisconsin: State of Wisconsin. pp. 487–489. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
- ^ "ID Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - MT Territorial Delegate - Final Election Race - Nov 06, 1888".
- ^ "WY Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
Bibliography edit
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
- Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
External links edit
- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)