Federal government edit

• President: Andrew Jackson (D-Tennessee)
• Vice President: Martin Van Buren (D-New York)
• Chief Justice: John Marshall (Virginia)
• Speaker of the House of Representatives: Andrew Stevenson (D-Virginia) (until June 2), John Bell (Whig-Tennessee) (starting June 2)
• Congress: 23rd

• January 25 – Hillsborough County is created by Florida's territorial legislature.
• March 11 – Survey of the Coast transferred to the Department of the Navy.
• March 28 – The United States Senate censures President Andrew Jackson for his actions in defunding the Second Bank of the United States (censure expunged in 1837).
• April 14 – The Whig Party is officially named by United States Senator Henry Clay.
• June 30 – the 6th Indian Trade and Intercourse Act is updated and renewed Indian Territory is effective.
• July 7–10 – Anti-abolitionist riots in New York City.
• July 29 – Office of Indian Affairs organized.
• August 11–12 – Ursuline Convent Riots: A convent of Ursuline nuns is burned near Boston.
• October 31 – Solon Robinson settled in the location that would eventually become Crown Point, Indiana.
• November 4 – Delta Upsilon fraternity founded at Williams College.
• November 11 – The rare 1804 dollar coin is struck by the United States Mint.

Undated edit

• Worcester Academy is founded as the Worcester County Manual Labor High School.
• Franklin College is founded in Franklin, Indiana.
• The Medical College of Louisiana is founded in New Orleans, which later becomes Tulane University.^[1]
• Wake Forest College is founded in Wake Forest, which later becomes Wake Forest University.^[2]
• The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad is chartered in Wilmington, North Carolina, and begins construction.^[3]

• January 9 – Wilkinson Call, U.S. Senator from Florida from 1879 to 1897 (died 1910)
• January 15 – Samuel Arza Davenport, politician (died 1911)
• February 27 – Charles C. Carpenter, admiral (died 1899)
• March 4 – James W. McDill, U.S. Senator from Iowa from 1881 to 1883 (died 1894)
• March 5
  • Martha Parmelee Rose, journalist, social reformer, philanthropist (died 1923)
  • U. M. Rose, Arkansas lawyer (died 1913)
• March 15 – John K. Bucklyn, Medal of Honor recipient (died 1906)
• March 20 – Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University (died 1926)
• March 24 – John Wesley Powell, explorer (died 1902)
• March 27 – Melissa Elizabeth Banta, poet, travel writer (died 1907)
• April 1 – Big Jim Fisk, entrepreneur (died 1872)
• April 5 – Frank R. Stockton, short story writer (died 1902)
• April 26 – Charles Farrar Browne ("Artemus Ward"), humorist (died 1867)
• June 22 – William Chester Minor, Ceylonese-born surgeon and lexicographer (died 1920)
• June 24 – George Arnold, writer and poet (died 1865)
• June 28 – Samuel Pasco, British-born U.S. Senator from Florida from 1887 to 1899 (died 1917)
• July 10 – James Abbott McNeill Whistler, painter and etcher (died 1903 in the United Kingdom)
• July 19 – Benjamin F. Jonas, U.S. Senator from Louisiana from 1879 to 1885 (died 1911)
• August 22 – Samuel Pierpont Langley, astronomer, physicist and aeronautics pioneer (died 1906)
• August 27 – James B. Eustis, U.S. Senator from Louisiana from 1876 to 1879 and from 1885 to 1891 (died 1899)
• September 5 – John G. Carlisle, U.S. Senator from Kentucky from 1890 to 1893 (died 1910)
• September 6 – Samuel Arnold, conspirator involved in the plot to kidnap U.S. President Abraham Lincoln in 1865 (died 1906)
• October 6 – Walter Kittredge, composer (died 1905)
• October 9 – Rufus Blodgett, U.S. Senator from New Jersey from 1887 to 1893 (died 1910)
• October 31 – Knowles Shaw, evangelist and hymnwriter (died 1878 in railroad accident)
• November 21 – Hetty Green, businesswoman (died 1916)
• November 24 – Susan Hammond Barney, American social activist and evangelist (died 1922)
• December 6 – Henry W. Blair, U.S. Senator from New Hampshire from 1879 to 1891 (died 1920)
• December 15 – Charles Augustus Young, astronomer (died 1908)
• December 24 – Charles W. Jones, Ireland-born U.S. Senator from Florida from 1875 to 1887 (died 1897)

• February 2 – Lorenzo Dow, minister (born 1777)
• February 18 – William Wirt, 9th United States Attorney General (born 1772)
• February 28 – Isaac D. Barnard, U.S. Senator from 1827 to 1831 (born 1791)
• May 20 – Marquis de Lafayette, French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War, died in France (born 1757 in France)
• July 26 - Jonathan Jennings, first governor of Indiana (born 1784)
• August 24 – William Kelly, U.S. Senator from Alabama from 1822 to 1825 (born 1786)
• September 15 – William H. Crawford, politician and judge (born 1772)
• October 10 – Thomas Say, naturalist (born 1787)
• October 31 Éleuthère Irénée du Pont, chemical manufacturer (born 1771 in France)

• Timeline of United States history (1820–1859)

•   Media related to 1834 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons