January–June edit

• January 12 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned king of Sweden, having already reigned since his election in June 1523.^[1]
• February
  • Peasant uprising in Dalarna, Sweden: The rebel campaign fails, and the rebel leader, later known as Daljunkern, flees to Rostock.
  • Diego García de Moguer explores the Sierra de la Plata along the Río de la Plata, and begins to travel up the Paraná River.^[2]
• April 28 – Battle of Capo d'Orso: The French fleet, under mercenary captain Filippino Doria, crushes the Spanish squadron trying to run the blockade of Naples.^[3]
• May (end) – The fourth major outbreak of the sweating sickness appears in London, rapidly spreading to the rest of England and, on this occasion, to northern Europe.

July–December edit

• September 12 – Andrea Doria defeats his former allies, the French, and establishes the independence of Genoa.
• October 3 – Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón arrives in the Maluku Islands.
• October 13 – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey founds a college in his birthplace of Ipswich, England, which becomes the modern-day Ipswich School (incorporating institutions in the town dating back to 1299).
• October 20 – The Treaty of Gorinchem is signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Charles, Duke of Guelders.
• November 6 – Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions become the first known Europeans to set foot on the shores of what is present-day Texas.

Date unknown edit

• Montenegro gains autonomy under Ottoman power.
• Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo attempts an invasion of the Yucatán, but is driven out by the Maya peoples.
• Spain takes direct control of Acapulco.
• Bubonic plague breaks out in England.^[4]
• St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle is completed.
• Chateau Fontainebleau in France is begun.
• Michelangelo Buonarroti begins work on the fortifications of Florence.
• Baldassare Castiglione publishes The Book of the Courtier.
• In Henan province, China, during the mid Ming dynasty, a vast drought deprives the region of harvests for the next two years, killing off half the people in some communities, due to starvation and cannibalism.^[5]
• Perak Sultanate and Johor Sultanate were established, both states being ruled by the sons of Mahmud Shah of Malacca.

• February 29
  • Domingo Báñez, Spanish theologian (d. 1604)
  • Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1579)
• March 10 – Akechi Mitsuhide, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1582)
• March 25 – Jakob Andreae, German theologian (d. 1590)
• June 7 – Cyriacus Spangenberg, German theologian and historian (d. 1604)
• June 21 – Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1603)
• June 29 – Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1589)
• July 7 – Archduchess Anna of Austria, Duchess of Bavaria (d. 1590)
• July 8 – Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (d. 1580)
• July 26 – Diego Andrada de Payva, Portuguese theologian (d. 1575)
• August 10 – Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1584)
• September 25 – Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg (d. 1603)
• October 4? – Francisco Guerrero, Spanish composer (d. 1599)
• October 10 – Adam Lonicer, German botanist (d. 1586)
• November 2 – Petrus Lotichius Secundus, German Neo-Latin poet (d. 1560)
• November 6 – Gabriel Goodman, Dean of Westminster (d. 1601)
• November 12 – Qi Jiguang, Chinese military general (d. 1588)
• November 14 – Francisco Pérez de Valenzuela, Spanish noble (d. 1599)
• November 16 – Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre (d. 1572)^[6]
• November 29 – Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu, English politician (d. 1592)
• date unknown
  • Igram van Achelen, Dutch statesman (d. 1604)
  • Adam von Bodenstein, Swiss alchemist and physician (d. 1577)
  • Jean-Jacques Boissard, French antiquary and Latin poet (d. 1602)
  • Andrey Kurbsky, Russian writer (d. 1583)
  • George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, English statesman (d. 1590)
  • Phùng Khắc Khoan, Vietnamese military strategist, politician, diplomat and poet (d. 1613)
  • Sabina, Duchess of Bavaria (d. 1578)
  • Sakuma Nobumori, Japanese retainer and samurai (d. 1582)
  • Tanegashima Tokitaka, Japanese daimyō (d. 1579)
  • Thomas Whythorne, English musician and author (d. 1595)
• probable
  • Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick, English general (d. 1590)
  • Paul de Foix, French diplomat (d. 1584)
  • Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg, stadtholder of the Dutch provinces of Friesland (d. 1568)
  • Costanzo Porta, Italian composer (d. 1601)

• January 30 – Maharana Sangram Singh, Rana of Mewar (b. 1484)
• February 29 – Patrick Hamilton, Scottish religious reformer (martyred) (b. 1504)
• March 10 – Balthasar Hübmaier, influential German/Moravian Anabaptist leader (b. 1480)
• April 1 – Francisco de Peñalosa, Spanish composer (b. c. 1470)
• April 6 – Albrecht Dürer, German artist, writer, and mathematician (b. 1471)^[7]
• July – Palma il Vecchio, Italian painter (b. 1480)
• August 15 – Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, French military leader (b. 1485)
• August 20 – Georg von Frundsberg, German knight and landowner (b. 1473)
• August 23 – Louis, Count of Vaudémont, Italian bishop (b. 1500)
• August 31 – Matthias Grünewald, German artist (b. 1470)
• September – Pánfilo de Narváez, Spanish conqueror and soldier in the Americas (b. 1480)
• October 5 – Richard Foxe, English churchman (b. c. 1448)
• October 18 – Michele Antonio, Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1495)
• October 21 – Johann of Schwarzenberg, German judge and poet (b. 1463)
• November 17 – Jakob Wimpfeling, Renaissance humanist (b. 1450)
• December 7 – Margaret of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1469)
• date unknown
  • Giovanni da Verrazzano, Italian explorer (b. 1485)
  • Peter Vischer the Younger, German sculptor (b. 1487)
  • Mahmud Shah of Malacca, Malaccan sultan
  • Daljunkern, Swedish rebel leader who may have been pretender Nils Sture (b. 1512)
  • Barbro Stigsdotter, Swedish noblewoman and heroine (b. 1472)
  • Guru Ravidas, (b. 1377)